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CISCO1

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Shieghjazzejhane Falcutila
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11 views16 pages

CISCO1

Uploaded by

Shieghjazzejhane Falcutila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP (Internet Protocol Address)

• A numeric address.
• It’s an identifier for a computer or device on a network.
• Every device has to have an IP Address.
• Consists of 2 parts: Network Address and Host Address.

2 Types:
- IPV4
- IPV6
IPV4
• Is the current version of IP Address
• 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods (66. 94.
234. 13).
• Number range is from 0-255.
• 4,294,967,296 unique addresses.
• Computers and networks don’t read IP Address in this standard numeric
format: 66.94.29.13.
• They only understand numbers in binary format.
• Binary numbers only use 1’s and 0’s
• To identify the network and host portions of an IPV4 address, the subnet
mask is compared to the IPV4 address bit for bit, from left to right.

• The actual process used to identify the network and host portions is
called ANDing.
Prefix Length

• Is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet


mask address.
• The prefix length is the number one of bits set to 1 in the
subnet mask.
• It is written in slash notation therefore, count the
number of bits in the subnet mask and present it with a
slash.
Determining the Network: Logical AND
Within each network there are three types of IP addresses:

Network Address
• Identifies network itself. It acts as an identifier for all devices connected to that
network.
• This address is created by setting all bits in the host portion (the last section) to 0. For
example, in 192. 168. 10. 0/24, the network address is 192. 168.10.0
• This address is used by routers and devices to understand which IP addresses belong
to the network.

Host Address
• Unique address given to each device (computer, phone, printer )
• This address are assigned within a range, usually starting from the first address after
the network address (192. 168. 10. 0 to 192. 169. 10. 254)
• Host address used for direct communication between devices within the network.

Broadcast Address
• Is used to send a message to all devices on the network simultaneously.
• This address is created by setting all bits in the portion to ‘1’.
• When a device sends a message to the broadcast address, all devices in the network
will receive it. This is often used for tasks like device discovery on the network or
network announcements.
ICMP Messages

• ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 messages

• Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) provides feedback about issues


related to the processing of IP packets under certain conditions.
• ICMPv4 is the messaging protocol for IPV4. ICMPv6 is the messaging
protocol for IPV6 and includes additional functionality.
• The ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
• Host reachability
• Destination or service unreachable
• Time exceeded
Host Reachability
• ICMP echo message can be used to test the reachability of a host on a IP network.
In the example:
• The local host sends an ICMP echo request to a host
• If the host is available, the destination host responds with an echo reply.
Destination or Service Unreachable
• An ICMP destination unreachable message can be used to notify the source
that a destination or service is unreachable.
• The ICMP message will include a code indicating why the packet could not be
delivered.
Time exceeded
• When the time to live(TTL) field in a packet is decremented to 0, an ICMPv4 time
exceeded message will be sent to the source host
• ICMPv6 also sends a time exceeded message. Instead of the IPv4 TTL field,
ICMPv6 uses IPv6 hop limit field to determine if the packet has expired.

ICMPv6 messages
• Has new features and improved functionality not found in ICMPv4, including four
new protocols as part of the neighbor discovery protocol (ND or NDP).

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