MIZAN TEPI UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Concrete Technology

by: Zemachu Kontar (Msc.)

2016

1
Chapter One
Concrete Technology

2
 What is concrete ?
Paste Aggregate Concrete
 1.1 Definition of Concrete
• Concrete is a composite material made up of
inert materials of varying sizes, which are
bound together by a binding medium.
• The strength of concrete is dependent on the
strength of the aggregate paste bond.
• Concrete is often looked upon as “man made
rock”.
4
 constituents of Concrete

Portland Cement
Water Paste
Air (entrapped or entrained)
Concrete
Fine Aggregate (Sand)
Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate (Gravel)

Admixture (If required)

5
• Portland cement 7% to 15% by Vol.
• Water 14% to 21% by Vol.
• Aggregates 60% to 75%
– coarse aggregates
– Fine aggregates
• Up to 8% air (depending on top size of
coarse aggregate)

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 Aggregates water Cement air
0-8%

7%-15%

14% -21%

60% - 75%

7
8
 Uses of Concrete
• Concrete is versatile material & can be used
for :
foundations of structures
The walls of ordinary houses, as well as the more
massive walls of engineering structures eg Dam.
For arches, stairs, flooring of different kinds and
roofs.
Drainage pipes etc

9
 Advantages of Concrete
Good-quality concrete has many advantages:

 Its long life and relatively low maintenance

requirements increase its economic benefits.
 It is not as likely to rot, corrode, or decay as other
building materials.

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 It has the ability to be molded or cast into
almost any desired shape.

 It is a non-combustible material which makes it

fire-safe and able withstand high temperatures.

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 It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and
insects. Hence, concrete is often used for storm
shelters.

 It has high compressive strength, resistance to

weathering, impact and abrasion.

12
Concrete is almost a viscous
fluid

Lotus temple, New Delhi

Concrete is almost a viscous
fluid

Lotus temple, New Delhi

 Concrete is strong

Height: 828 m

Concrete up to over
600m

Source: Wikimedia commons

 Concrete is durable
Almost 1900 years old Pantheon in Rome
 Disadvantages of Concrete
Some of disadvantages of concrete are:

 High cost of cement, steel and formwork ( in

developing countries).

 Difficult quality control on building sites, with the risk

of cracking and gradual deterioration, if wrongly mixed,
placed and insufficiently cured with water.

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 In moist climates or coastal regions, corrosion of
reinforcement (if insufficiently protected), leading to
expansion cracks.

 Low tensile strength (but can be overcome with steel

reinforcement).

 Demolishing concrete is difficult.

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Ingredients of Concrete
Portland Cement
Water
Aggregates
Admixtures (Additives)

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 Portland Cement
 Dry powder of very fine particles
 Forms a paste when mixed with water
 Chemical reaction –Hydration
 Paste coats all the aggregates together
 Hardens and forms solid mass

Various types of Portland cement as well as physical &

chemical requirements were discussed in the previous
course.

20
 Water that is safe to drink is safe to use
Water
in concrete.

• is needed for two

purposes:
– chemical reaction with
cement
– Workability
• only 1/3 of the water is
needed for chemical
reaction
• extra water remains in
pores and holes

21
Water:
• Is Good for preventing plastic shrinkage
cracking and workability
• Is Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
• any impurities present will affect bond strength
between the paste and aggregate.

22
 Undesirable effects of impurities in mixing water:

Impurities in mixing water may cause any one or

all of the following:
 Abnormal setting time
 Decreased strength
 Volume changes
 Efflorescence
 Corrosion of reinforcement

23
 Some of the impurities in mixing water that
cause undesirable effects in the final concrete:

1.ALKALI CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE

• Carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium
have different effects on the setting times of different
cements.
• Sodium carbonate can cause very rapid setting.
• In large concentrations, these salts can materially
reduce concrete strength.
• Can attack the cement-aggregate bond, leading to
early disintegration of the concrete.
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 2. CHLORIDE

• Concern over a high chloride content in mixing

water is chiefly due to the possible adverse
effect of chloride ions on the corrosion of
reinforcing steel.
• Chloride ions attack the protective oxide film
formed on the steel by the highly alkaline (pH
greater than12.5) chemical environment
present in concrete.

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 3.SULFATE

• Concern over a high sulfate content in mix

water is due to possible expansive reactions
and deterioration by sulfate attack.

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4. Seawater

 Seawater containing less than three percent

salt is generally acceptable for plain concrete
but not for reinforced concrete.
 The presence of salt can lead to corrosion of
the reinforcing bars and a decrease in concrete
strength by some 10-15%.

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5. Algae
 Can cause a reduction in the strength of
concrete by increasing the amount of air
captured in the paste and
 Reduce the bond strength between the paste
and the aggregate.
6. Sugar
If sugar is present in even small amounts, it can
cause reduce setting and reduced concrete
strength.
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Aggregates

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Aggregate production: Quarry in Kality
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33
Quarry- Gurara / Ferensay 34
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 Aggregates
Aggregates are the filler
materials which make up
a large portion (roughly
65-80%) of the concrete
volume. Considerable
care should be taken to
provide the best
aggregates available.

38
 Classification of aggregates based on source
Natural aggregates are taken from natural
deposits without change in their nature during
production, with the exception of crushing,
sizing, grading, or during production. In this
group crushed stone, gravel, and sand are the
most common.
Manufactured aggregates include blast furnace
slag and lightweight aggregates.

39
 Aggregate Terms and Types
The terms used to describe aggregates are many
and varied. These descriptive terms are based
on source, size, shape, type, use and other
properties.
Some typical terms used in describing aggregates
are:
1.Fine aggregate- aggregate particles passing the
No. 4 (4.75mm) sieve and retained on the No.
200 (0.075mm) sieve.

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2. Coarse aggregate- aggregate predominantly
retained on the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve.

3. Crushed gravel (gravel and sand)- that has

been put through a crusher either to break
many of the rounded gravel particles to a
smaller size or to produce rough surfaces.

41
4. Crushed rock- aggregate from the crushing of
rock. All particles are angular, not rounded as
in gravel.

5. Screenings- the chips and dust or powder that

are produced in the crushing of rock for
aggregates.

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6.All-in-aggregate- aggregate composed of both
fine and coarse aggregate.

7. Concrete sand- sand that has been washed

(usually) to remove dust & fines.

8. Fines- silty-clay or dust particles smaller than

75 micro m (No. 200 sieve) usually undesirable
impurities in aggregates.

43
 Properties of Aggregates
Important properties of aggregates include:
 Gradation (grain size distribution)
 Shape and surface texture
 Bulk unit weight
 Specific gravity (relative density)
 Absorption
 Hardness (resistance to abrasion or wear)
 Durability (resistance to weathering)
 Crushing strength
 Cleanliness (deleterious substances)
 Chemical stability

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Gradation of Aggregates

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Grading: is the distribution of particles of
angular materials among various sizes

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 The gradation of aggregates influences:

the amount of paste required

the workability of the concrete
the strength and
water tightness of the finished product
In general, it is desirable that the size increase
uniformly from fine sand to the maximum allowed
for a given job.
Most specifications for concrete require a grain size
distribution that will provide a dense and strong
mixture.

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 Gradation Classifications
 Well-graded:
maximum density, high stability, low permeability
 One-sized:
particles same diameter, low stability, permeable
 Gap-graded:
Missing one or more sizes, stable, average permeability
 Open-graded:
Mostly large sizes, unstable, high permeability

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Gradation Classifications ctd.

 Dense
 Well graded Well-graded

 Gap-graded
 Uniform Poorly graded
 Open-graded

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 Grading of aggregates
Well graded Uniform graded Gap graded

The range of size Most particles Most particles

are approximately in are of the are of large or
equal amounts
same size small size

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 Well graded aggregates:
 Improve workability of the concrete and
economy of the cement.
(Such aggregate has a decreased amount of
voids between the particles and consequently
requires less cement paste).
 Produces a stronger concrete than a poorly
graded one (less water is required to give
suitable workability)

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Proper selection of various sizes will be very effective in
reducing the total volume of voids between aggregates

The cement paste requirement is related to the void

content of the combined aggregates.

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 SIEVE ANALYSIS
The grading or particle size distribution of
aggregate is determined by sieve analysis.

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Sieve Analysis

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 Standard size and square openings
Sieve Designation
Traditional Metric
• 3” 75mm
• 2” 50mm
• 1 ½” 37.5mm
• 1” 25mm
• ¾” 19mm
• ½”
7 standard sieves
12.5mm
ranging from 150 μm
• 3/8” 9.5mm to 9.5 mm (No. 100 to
• No 4 4.75mm 3/8 in) for fine
• No 8 2.36mm aggregates
• No 16 1.18mm
• No 30 600 micro m
• No 50 300 micro m
• No 100 150 micro m
• No 200 75 micro m

55
 Different standards and specifications specify grading
limits for both fine and coarse aggregates.

There are several reasons for specifying grading limits

and maximum aggregate size, they affect:
• Cement and water requirement
• Workability
• Economy
• Pumpability
• Relative aggregate proportions
• Shrinkage and durability of concrete

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The following table shows the limits of ASTM C 33 with respect
to fine aggregates, these limits are generally satisfactory for
most concretes:
Sieve size Percentage passing by mass

9.5 mm (3/4 in) 100

4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 to 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
1.18 mm (No. 16) 50 to 85
600 μm (No. 30) 25 to 60
300 μm (No. 50) 5 to 30
150 μm (No. 100) 0 to 10

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 Other requirements by ASTM C 33
• The fineness modulus (FM) must not be less
than 2.3 nor more than 3.1

• The fine aggregate must not have more than

45% retained between two consecutive
standard sieves.

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 Fineness Modulus (ASTM C 125)
• The fineness modulus (FM) for both fine and coarse
aggregates is obtained by adding the cumulative
percentages by mass retained on each of a specified
series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
• The FM is an index of the fineness of the aggregate.
The higher the FM, the coarser the aggregate. FM of
fine aggregate is useful in estimating proportions of
fine and coarse aggregate in concrete mixtures.

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 Coarse Aggregate Grading
• ASTM C 33 permits a wide range in grading
and variety of grading sizes
• Usually more water and cement is required
for small-size aggregate than for large sizes,
due to an increase in total aggregate surface
area.

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• Maximum size of aggregate: the smallest
sieve that all of a particular aggregate must
pass through.

• Nominal maximum size of an aggregate: the

smallest sieve size through which the major
portion of the aggregate must pass (90%-
100%).

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• The maximum size of aggregate that must be used
generally depends on the following:
– Size and shape of the concrete member
– The amount and distribution of reinforcing steel

• In general the maximum size of aggregate particles

should not exceed:
– 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of a concrete member
– 3/4 the clear spacing between reinforcing bars and between
the reinforcing bars and forms
– 1/3 the depth of slabs

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Maximum coarse aggregate size
Maximum coarse aggregate size

Source:PCA
Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregates

65
 Aggregate Shapes

Rounded and angular Rounded

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 Aggregate Shapes

Elongated Angular

67
 Aggregate Shapes

Flaky Flaky and Elongated

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69
 The particle shape and the surface texture of
aggregates influence the properties of fresh
concrete more than those of hardened concrete.
 Rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles
require more water to produce workable concrete
than smooth, rounded compact aggregate.
Consequently, the cement content must also be
increased to maintain the water-cement ratio.
 Flat, slivery pieces make concrete more difficult to
finish

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 The increase in bond is important for selecting
aggregates for concrete where strength at early age is
important.
 Aggregate should be free of flat or elongated
particles. Because they require an increase in mixing
water and thus may affect the strength of concrete
particularly in flexure.
 Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or
are limited to about 15 percent by weight of the total
aggregate.

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 Bulk Unit Weight/Bulk Density
The bulk unit weight of an aggregate is the weight
of the aggregate divided by the total volume
occupied by it.
• The normal range of bulk unit weight for
aggregates for normal-weight concrete is from
1200 to 1760 kg/m3.
• The range of aggregates that could be used in
concrete are:
Heavyweight, Lightweight, Normal Weight

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The weight of the aggregate required to
fill a container of a specified unit volume.
 Volume is occupied by both the
aggregates and the voids between the
aggregate particles.
 Depends on size distribution and
shape of particles and how densely
the aggregate is packed
• Loose bulk density
• Rodded or compact bulk density

73
 Examples of Uses for the
Weight
Aggregates Used Concrete
can be sawed or nailed,
ultra-lightweight vermiculite, ceramic also used for its insulating
properties

used primarily for making

expanded clay, shale or lightweight concrete for
lightweight slate, crushed brick structures, also used for its
insulating properties
crushed limestone, sand,
river gravel, used for normal concrete
normal weight projects
crushed recycled
concrete
used for making high
steel or iron shot; steel or density concrete for
heavyweight iron pellets shielding against nuclear
radiation

74
 Specific Gravity
(Relative density)
The specific gravity of an aggregate is another
characteristic of the material which needs to
be determined.
Specific gravity is not a measure of aggregate
quality but is used in making calculations
related to mix design.
The specific gravity of most normal weight
aggregates will range from 2.4 to 2.9

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 Specific Gravity cont’d

 Absolute: the ratio of the weight of the solid to the weight

of an equal volume of water (both at a stated temperature)
 refers to volume of the material excluding all pores

Apparent: ratio of the weight of the aggregate (dried in an

oven 100- 110ºC for 24 hours) to the weight of water
occupying a volume equal to that of the solid including the
impermeable pores
• volume of solid includes impermeable pores (but
not capillary pores)

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 Specific Gravity
Aggregate Type Specific
Gravity
Granite Normal weight 2.65
Gravel Normal weight 2.70
Sand Normal weight
2.60
(For normal use)
Pumice Lightweight 0.75

Barite (barium sulphate) Heavyweight 4.50

(for special case e.g. heavy
concrete, nuclear- 77
 Water Absorption
Aggregate have the ability to absorb water
based on its porosity.

Thus, it may have internal moisture and

external surface moisture.

Absorption of aggregate is important in

concrete and asphalt concrete.

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Over a 24-hr period light weight aggregates
may absorb water in the amount of 5 to 20%
of their own dry weight, depending on the
type of aggregate and its pore structure .

A tendency of this sort must be taken into

account when concrete is made with
lightweight aggregate.

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 Moisture Content
Two types of moisture are recognized in aggregates:
 Absorbed moisture
 Surface moisture
Absorbed moisture is that which is taken in by the voids in
aggregate particles and may not be apparent on the surface.
Surface moisture is that which clings to the surface of the
particle.
Total moisture content
• The total amount of water present on the external and internal
surfaces of aggregates.
= Surface moisture + absorbed moisture

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 The moisture conditions of aggregates are
designated as follows:
• Oven-Dry (OD): In this condition they are fully absorbent.
• Air-Dry (AD): Particles are dry at the surface but contain some
interior moisture. They are therefore somewhat absorbent.

• Saturated Surface Dry (SSD): In this condition there is no

water on the surface, but the particle contains all the interior
moisture it will hold. It will neither absorb moisture from nor
contribute moisture to the mix.
• Damp or Wet: The particles contain an excess of moisture on
the surface and will contribute moisture to a mix.

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Moisture Conditions
83
Absorption Capacity: maximum amount of water aggregate
can absorb
• Absorption Capacity (%) = [(WSSD – WOD)/WOD] X 100

Surface Moisture: water on surface of aggregate particles

• Surface Moisture (%) = [(WWET – WSSD)/WSSD] X 100

Moisture Content: of an aggregate in any state

•Moisture Content (%) = [(WAGG – WOD)/WOD] X 100

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 The ideal moisture ????????????
The moisture present in the aggregate affects
the total water needed for the mix. The ideal
moisture is "saturated surface dry" where in
all pores of the material are filled with water
but no free moisture exists on the surface.

85
 Bulking
 Surface moisture in fine aggregate is the cause of a
phenomenon known as bulking of sand.
 Surface moisture holds the particles apart, causing an
increase in volume over the same amount of sand in a
surface dry condition.
 The amount of bulking will depend on the fineness of
the sand.

86
Bulking of Sand
 Strength and Durability of Aggregates

One measure of the strength of an aggregate

is its resistance to freeze-thaw and ability to
withstand compressive stresses.
Soluble, weak, or friable material must be
avoided.

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 Cleanliness (Deleterious Substances)
The cleanliness of the aggregate affects the bond between the
paste and the aggregate surface.
Deleterious (harmful substances) have the following effects
on concrete:
• Weaken bondage between cement paste and aggregates
• Interfere with hydration
• Reduce of strength and durability
• Affect water tightness of the concrete
• Modify setting action and
• Cause efflorescence

89
 Hardness of Aggregates
The hardness of aggregates is expressed in
terms of their resistance to abrasion.
This characteristic is important if the
aggregate is used in concrete intended for
such purposes as heavy-duty floors.

90
 Chemical Stability

• Aggregates need to be chemically stable so that

they will neither react chemically with cement nor
be affected chemically by outside influences.
• In some cases aggregates with certain chemical
constituents react with alkalis in cement. This
reaction may cause abnormal expansion and
resultant cracking of concrete.

91
 Alkali-aggregate reaction
• Certain forms of silica and siliceous material in
aggregate (e.g. chert) interact with alkalis
released during the hydration of Portland
cement.
• This produces a gel like material which
increases in volume in the presence of water
causing expansion and cracking of concrete.

92
Effects of Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)

Crack Popouts
93
 HANDLING AND STOCKPILING OF AGGREGATES

The purpose of appropriate handling and stock piling of aggregates is

to avoid breakage, segregation, contamination, and degradation.

Precautions: ­
• Storing on hard and dry ground or on platforms of planks, sheets,
lean concrete
• Storing separately each aggregate size in compartments
• Avoiding segregation of aggregates resulting from free fall
• Proper collection and mixing of test batches is important to ensure
that test samples accurately represent the aggregate in the entire
stockpile.

94
95
96
Concrete Admixture

97
 1. Definition

Admixtures are materials which are

added to concrete at the mixing stage
to modify some of the properties of the
mix.

98
 2. Uses of admixtures
 To increase workability without changing
water content.
 To reduce water content without changing
workability.
 To adjust setting time.
 To reduce segregation and/or bleeding.
 To improve Pumpability.
 To accelerate the rate of strength
development at early ages.
99
 3. Types of admixtures
Admixtures are broadly classed as Chemical
admixtures and Mineral admixtures
There are five distinct classes of chemical
admixtures:
1. Plasticizers (water-reducing agents)
2. Superplasticizers
3. Air entrainers
4. Accelerators
5. Retarders 100
Mineral Admixtures:
- Used in concrete to replace part of cement
- Added in large quantities compared to chemical admixtures.
Some of the mineral admixtures are:
i. Natural Pozzolans: Raw and calcined natural materials
such as shale, and pumice
- Siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which by
themselves possess no cementing property, but in fine
pulverized form and in the presence of water can react with
lime in cement to form concrete

101
ii. Fly ash: By-product of coal from electrical power plants
- Finer than cement
- Consists of complex compounds of silica, ferric oxide
and alumina
- Increases the strength of concrete and decreases the
heat of hydration
- Reduces alkali aggregate reaction.
-iii. Silica fume: By-product of electric arc furnaces
- Size less than 0.1μm
- Consists of non-crystalline silica
- Increases the compressive strength by 40-60%

102
 Water-Reducing Admixtures

Primarily used to:

• Reduce mixing water required to produce a
certain slump
• Reduce water-cement ratio
• Reduce cement content
• Increase slump
Water Reducing Admixtures
ASTM C 494 or AASHTO M 194

• Type A ―
– reduces water content at least 5%
– tends to retard ― accelerator
often added
• Type D ―
– reduces water content 5% min.
– retards set
• Type E ―
– reduces water content 5% min.
– accelerates set
 Mid-Range Water Reducing
Admixtures

• Reduce water content 6% to 12%

• Reduce cement content
• Reduce water-cement ratio
• No retardation
• Improve placeability and finishability
 High-Range
Water-Reducing Admixtures
ASTM C 494 or AASHTO M 194
Type F― Water Reducing
Type G ― Water Reducing and Retarding

• Reduce H2O content 12% -30%

• Reduced W/C produces conc. with:
– Compressive Strength > 70 MPa
– Increased early strength gain
– Reduced Cl ion penetration
 Plasticizers

• When added to a concrete mix, plasticizers

(water-reducing agents) are absorbed on the
surface of the binder particles, causing them to
repel each other and deflocculate. This results
in improved workability and provides a more
even distribution of the binder particles through
the mix.
• Plasticizers Reduce the water requirement of a
concrete mix for a given workability by about
10%. 107
 Concrete containing a plasticizer (water-reducing
admixture) needs less water to reach a required
slump than untreated concrete.

 The treated concrete can have a lower water-

cement ratio. This usually indicates that a higher
strength concrete can be produced without
increasing the amount of cement.

108
 Uses of plasticizers
 Increase the slump of concrete with a given
water content.
 Reduce the water requirement of a concrete mix
for a given workability by about 10%.
 The addition of a plasticizer makes it possible to
achieve a given strength with a lower cement
content.
 Improve pumpability.

109
 Problems associated with plasticizers
 Some plasticizers contain chlorides which may
increase the danger of corrosion of reinforcing
steel.
 Where plasticizers are used to increase
workability, the shrinkage and creep will
invariably be increased.

110
 Superplasticizers
• They can greatly reduce water demand and cement
contents and make low water-cement ratio, high-strength
concrete with normal or enhanced workability.
• Also known as or high-range water reducers (HRWR), reduce
water content by 12 to 30 percent
• can be added to concrete with a low-to-normal slump and
water-cement ratio to make high-slump flowing concrete.
• As a result of the slump loss, superplasticizers are usually
added to concrete at the jobsite.

111
 Uses of superplasticizers
 In areas of congested reinforcement.

 Where workable concrete that can be placed

with little or no vibration or compaction.
 For high-strength concretes.

112
Flowable concrete with a high slump is easily placed,
even in areas of heavy reinforcing steel congestion.

113
Problems associated with superplasticizers

The effect of a superplasticizer may

disappear as soon as 30-60 minutes
after mixing.
They have a relatively high unit cost.
Where superplasticizers are used to
produce very high workability, the
shrinkage and creep will be increased.

114
 Air entrainers
• An air-entraining agent introduces air in the form of
minute bubbles distributed uniformly throughout the
cement paste.
• Air entrainment will dramatically improve the durability
of concrete exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing.
• Entrained air can be produced in concrete by use of an
air-entraining cement, by introduction of an air
entraining admixture, or by a combination of both
methods.

115
 Uses of air-entertainers

 Where improved resistance of hardened

concrete to damage from freezing and
thawing is required.
 For improved workability, especially in harsh
or lean mixes.
 To reduce bleeding and segregation,
especially when a mix lacks fines.

116
 Air entrainment may reduce the strength of concrete
and overdosing can cause major loss of strength.
 As a rule-of-thumb, 1% air may cause a strength loss
of 5%.
 It is therefore important that mixes be specially
designed for air entrainment and that the percentage
of air entrained during construction must be
monitored.

117
 Accelerators

Accelerators :
 speed up the chemical reaction of the
cement and water and so….
 accelerate the rate of setting and/or early
gain in strength of concrete.

118
 Uses of accelerators

 Where rapid setting and high early

strengths are required.
 Where rapid turnover of moulds or
formwork is required.
 Where concreting takes place under very
cold conditions.

119
 Problems associated with accelerators
 Certain accelerators may increase drying
shrinkage, cracking and creep.
 Many chloride-based accelerators promote
corrosion of reinforcing steel.
 Calcium chloride should not be used in
reinforced concrete
• An overdose can result in placement problems
and can be detrimental to concrete.

120
 Retarders

 These admixtures slow the chemical

reaction of the cement and water leading
to longer setting times and slower initial
strength gain.

121
 Uses of retarders

 When placing concrete in hot weather,

particularly when the concrete is pumped.
 To prevent cold joints due to duration of
placing.
 In concrete which has to be transported for a
long time.

122
Problems associated with retarders

 If a mix is overdosed beyond the limit

recommended by the supplier, retardation
can last for days.
 Delayed addition of retarders can result in
extended retardation.

123
Fresh Concrete

124
125
 Transporting
Gathering
Ingredients Proportioning Mixing

& finishing
Compaction
Placing
Hardened
Concrete

Curing

126
Mixing

127
Major properties of fresh concrete

Fresh concrete is also known as plastic concrete. The

major Properties of concrete in its plastic state are:
Workability
Consistency
Segregation
Bleeding
Stiffening and setting

128
 1. Workability
Workability is ease of placing and resistance to segregation
of concrete.
Workability means how easy it is to:
PLACE
HANDLE
COMPACT and
FINISH a concrete mix.
Concrete that is stiff or dry may be difficult to
Handle, Place, Compact, and Finish and will not be
as strong or durable when finally hardened.

129
 Factors that affect workability
 Water content
 shape of aggregates
 Grading of Aggregates
 Size of Aggregates Aggregate
Properties
 Surface Texture of Aggregates
 Admixtures

130
 Water content

If water content is
increased the coarse
particles settle and
bleeding occurs. Cement
slurry can escape through
joints of formworks.

131
 Aggregate properties
shape of aggregates
Grading of Aggregates
Size of Aggregates
Surface Texture of Aggregates
Angular, flaky, and elongated aggregates reduce
workability.
Non­absorbent aggregates and optimum
percentage of fine aggregate contributes to
workability .
132
 Admixtures

• Workability admixtures improve the

workability of concrete
• Air entraining agents produce numerous
air bubbles that act as rollers to decrease
bleeding and segregation, and as a result
increase workability.

133
 2. Consistency
Consistency refers to the ability of concrete
to flow and indicates wetness of concrete.
Concrete could have:
 Dry
 Plastic: can be shaped into ball
 Semi-fluid: spreads out slowly and with out
segregation of aggregate
 Fluid consistency: spreads out fast and results in
segregation of aggregates

134
 3. Segregation
Segregation is separation of coarse aggregates
from the mass of concrete.

Segregation results from: ­

• Uncontrolled pumping or falling
• Placing concrete in heavily reinforced members

135
Segregation

136
Precautions to control segregation

Placing concrete near its final position,

instead of falling from greatest heights

137
Precautions to control segregation

 Careful handling, pacing, and consolidation of

concrete
 Applying Admixtures : Plasticizer and air
entraining admixture.

138
 4. Bleeding
Bleeding is the appearance of water on
concrete surface. As a consequence of
bleeding, slum layer will be formed making
concrete weak and porous.

139
 Interaction between bleeding and evaporation

Evaporation

surface water

Bleed water

Bleed water = evaporation

 Too much evaporation leads to surface cracking

Evaporation

no surface water

drying

Bleed water < Evaporation

 Measures to minimize bleeding

Using well graded and proportioned

aggregates
Increasing amount of cement
Applying air entering agents
Reducing amount of water

142
 5. Stiffening and setting

Concrete is required to remain plastic for

the time to be taken to transport, place,
and consolidate it.
Temperature influences the stiffening of
concrete. That is,
Low temperature delays
High temperature accelerates the
stiffening of concrete.
143
 MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY

Some of the methods of measuring workability

that is wetness or fluidity are:
 Slump test
 Compacting factor test

144
Slump is the subsidence of concrete cone after mold is lifted up.

145
146
147
148
149
 Types of slump (results of slump)

 True Slump - Has even subsidence

 Shear Slump - Half of the cone slides, difficult
to measure, and results from harsh mixes
deficient in fine aggregates.
 Collapse Slump - difficult to measure, results
from very wet mixes.

150
 Slump test results
Slump (mm) Degree of workability
(Suitability)
0-25 Very low
(Massive sections, little
reinforcement)
25-50 Low
( little reinforcement)
50-100 Medium
(Beam, columns)
100-175 High
(For heavily reinforced
sections

151
 Limitations of slump test

 Not applicable for aggregates size greater than

40 mm .
 Applicable to plastic mixes only
 Not applicable to harsh and wet mixes

152
 Compacting Factor Test
 Drier mixes do not give slump. Therefore,
compaction factor test should be done to
determine degree of compaction
(compacting factor) by falling the mix
through successive hoppers with standard
height using a compaction factor test
apparatus.

153
Compaction factor test apparatus

154
Compacting Factor = Weight of partially dry compacted concrete
Weight of fully compacted concrete

Permissible Values of Compacting Factor

Workability Compacting factor

Good workability 0.95
Medium Workability 0.92
Low workability 0.85

155
 Compacting factor values

 For compacting factor values between 0.75-

0.80, compacting concrete by hand is not
permissible.
 For Compacting Values less than 0.75,
pressure should be exerted into concrete to
vibrate.
 Compacting factor test is suitable for both
dry and wet mixes, since it gives constant
results.
156
MIXING OF CONCRETE

157
 Purpose of mixing

The purpose of concrete mixing is to provide a

uniformly blended product of cement, water,
and aggregates.

Basic requirement of mixing is to produce

concrete of uniform consistency from
beginning to end.

158
 Methods of mixing
Two basic methods of mixing concrete;

i. Hand mixing
ii. Machine mixing

159
 Hand Mixing

Adopted for small works and quantity of

concrete used is small
Procedure:
a. Sand + cement  dry mix
b. Spread the sand -cement mix on a flat
platform
c. Spread the measured quantity of
coarse aggregate on the cement-sand mix

160
 d. Mix the cement + sand + c.agg. At least
three times by shovel from center to the side
and then back to the center and again to the
side
e. Make a hallow in the middle of the mixed
pile and pour slowly into it half to three-
quarter of the total quantity of water required
f. Add the remainder of the water slowly,
turning the mixture over and again until the
color and consistency are uniform throughout
the pile
Note: 1. Time of mixing should not exceed 3 minutes

161
 Machine mixing
 Used in case of a large quantity of concrete
is to be produced
 Concrete can be produced
at a faster rate
at a lesser cost
and of better quality

162
 Ready-mixed concrete
1. Central mixed - Mixed completely in a
stationary mixer (Batching Plant) and then
transported in a truck agitator
2. Transit mixed - Mixed completely in a
truck mixer

163
Ready mix plant

164
165
 Transporting Concrete
i. Pans
- When quantity is small
- When access to work is restricted
- Method is tedious, slow and costly

166
 Transporting Concrete

ii. Wheel barrows

- Moderate distance and medium quantities
iii. Truck mixer
- When place of deposit of concrete is at a very
long distance from the mixer such that the concrete
cannot be transported and placed in the forms within 30
minutes
- Happens in case of ready-mixed concrete
- Drum containing the concrete rotates
continuously to prevent the concrete from being stiff
and to prevent segregation

167
168
iv. Belt conveyors
- When the concrete is to be transported
continuously and to a higher level
- Could be a single unit or in series
- Installed in an inclined position

v. Chutes

- When concrete is to be placed below ground

level, the mixer may be placed on an upper level and
concrete discharged to the lower level through a
chute of corrugated iron or timber
vi. Pumps
- When large quantity of concrete is to be
transported continuously to congested sites where
mixing plant can not be installed
- To a maximum of 300 m horizontally and 40m
vertically 169
170
171
 Placing of concrete

- Concrete should be placed and

compacted before setting commences
- Method of placing should be in such a
way as to prevent segregation ( should not
be dropped from a height more than about
1m)

172
Chute

173
174
175
 Compaction of Concrete
When first placed in the form, normal concrete
excluding those with very low or very high
slumps will contain between 5% and 20% by
volume of entrapped air.
Compaction is the process which expels
entrapped air from freshly placed concrete
and packs the aggregate particles together so
as to increase the density of concrete.

176
Proper compaction:
 Increase significantly the ultimate strength of
concrete and
• Enhances the bond with reinforcement.
• Increases the abrasion resistance and general
durability of the concrete,
• Decreases the permeability and helps to minimize
its shrinkage-and-creep characteristics.
• Also ensures that the formwork is completely filled
– i.e. there are no pockets of honeycombed material
– and that the required finish is obtained on vertical
surfaces.

177
 Stages of Compaction

Compaction of concrete is a
two-stage process.
First the aggregate particles
are set in motion and slump
to fill the form giving a level
top surface.
In the second stage,
entrapped air is expelled.

178
 Effect of compaction on hardened concrete

As may be seen from the

figure the effect of
compaction on compressive
strength is dramatic. For
example, the strength of
concrete containing 10% of
entrapped air may be as little
as 50% that of the concrete
when fully compacted.

Loss of strength through incomplete compaction

179
 Methods of compaction
i. Hand compaction (Tamping)
ii. Vibrators
- Internal vibrators
- Form vibrators
- Surface vibrators

180
 Types of vibrators

1. Immersion
Vibrator(spud or
poker vibrators)
Immersion vibrators
consist essentially of
a tubular hosing
which contains a
rotating eccentric
weight.
Immersion Vibrator
181
182
 2. External vibrators

form vibrators,
vibrating tables,
surface vibrators
Form vibrators
• designed to be securely attached to the outside of the forms,
are especially useful
(1) for consolidating concrete in members that are very thin or
congested with reinforcement,
(2) to supplement internal vibration, and
(3) for stiff mixes where internal vibrators cannot be used.

183
 Surface Vibrators
 Surface vibrators are
applied to the top
surface of concrete
and act downwards
from there.
 They are very useful for
compacting slabs,
industrial floors, road
pavements, and similar
flat surfaces.
 They also aid in leveling
and finishing the Surface Vibrator
surface.
184
 Consequences of Improper Vibration

(1)honeycomb:

results when the spaces

between coarse
aggregate particles do
not become filled with
mortar.

185
(2) excessive amount of entrapped air voids, often called bug
holes:
• Excessive entrapped air voids are similar to, but not as severe as
honeycomb. Vibratory equipment and operating procedures are the
primary causes of excessive entrapped air voids.
(3) Cold Joints:
• are a discontinuity resulting from a delay in placement that allowed one
layer to harden before the adjacent concrete was placed. The
discontinuity can reduce the structural integrity of a concrete member if
the successive lifts did not properly bond together.
• The concrete can be kept alive by re vibrating it every 15 minutes or less
depending on job conditions.

186
(4) placement lines;
• are dark lines between adjacent placements
of concrete batches.
• They may occur if, while vibrating the
overlying layer, the vibrator did not penetrate
the underlying layer enough to knit the layers
together.

187
 Defects from overvibration :
(1) segregation as vibration and gravity causes heavier
aggregates to settle while lighter aggregates rise;
(2) loss of entrained air in air-entrained concrete;
(3) excessive form deflections or form damage; and
(4) form failure caused by excessive pressure from vibrating the
same location too long and/or placing concrete more quickly
than the designed rate of pour.
Undervibration is more often a problem than
overvibration

188
 Curing Concrete
Curing is the process which controls the loss of
moisture from concrete either after it has been placed
in position (or during the manufacture of concrete
products), thereby providing time for the hydration of
the cement to occur.
Since the hydration of cement does take time – days,
and even weeks rather than hours – curing must be
undertaken for a reasonable period of time if the
concrete is to achieve its potential strength and
durability.

189
Concrete can be kept moist (and in some cases at a
favorable temperature) by three curing methods:
1. Methods that maintain the presence of mixing
water in the concrete during the early hardening
period. These include ponding or immersion,
spraying or fogging, and saturated wet coverings.
These methods afford some cooling through
evaporation, which is beneficial in hot weather.

190
Fogging Sprinkling

191
2. Methods that reduce Impervious curing paper

the loss of mixing

water from the surface
of the concrete.
 This can be done by
covering the concrete
with impervious paper
or plastic sheets, or by Plastic Sheets
applying membrane-
forming curing
compounds.

192
Liquid membrane-forming curing compounds

193
• 3. Methods that accelerate strength gain by
supplying heat and additional moisture to the
concrete. This is usually accomplished with
live steam, heating coils, or electrically heated
forms or pads.

194
 Duration of curing
- Concrete shall be covered and kept
constantly wet for seven days from the date of
placing
- Curing by sprinkling of water shall
continue at least up to 28 days of age

195
 Hardened Concrete
1. Strength
i. Compressive strength
ii. Tensile strength
iii. Flexural strength
iv. Shear strength
2. Permeability
3. Durability
i. Weathering including disruption due to freezing and
thawing
ii. Mechanical wear  abrasion, wear,
iii. Chemical corrosion
- Sea wear
- Sewage
- Acids-
196
Durability is :
 Performance of concrete for the purpose of its intended
function.
 maintaining its required strength and servicibility, during the
specified or traditionally expected service life
 Concrete durability has been defined by the American
Concrete
 its resistance to weathering action, chemical attack ,abrasion
and other degradation processes

197
Mechanisms that affect durability

i. Freeze-thaw damage (physical effects, weathering).

ii. Alkali-aggregate reactions (chemical effects).
iii. Sulfate attack (chemical effects).
iv. Microbiological induced attack (chemical effects).
v. Corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete (chemical
effects).
a) carbonation of concrete
b) chloride induced
vi. Abrasion (physical effects).
vii. Mechanical loads (physical effects).

198
 Abrassion
 Concrete surfaces subjected to wear due to attrition by
sliding, scraping or purcussion
 in the case of hydraulic structures, the action of
abrassive materials carried by water leads to erosion

199
 Action of frost
 As temperature of saturated concrete in service is
lowered
 water held in the capillary pores freezes  expansion of
concrete takes place
 If subsequent thawing is followed by re-freezing, further
expansion
takes place  repeated cycle have a commulative effect

200
201
202
Assessment of |Concrete strength

1.Cube/ cylindrical strength

203
204
2.Using Nondestructive Tests
I. Rebound Number (Hammer)
 The rebound number is obtained by the use of a hammer that
consists of a steel mass and a tension spring in a tubular frame.
 When the plunger of the hammer is pushed against the surface
of the concrete, the steel mass is retracted and the spring is
compressed.
 The rebound distance is indicated by a pointer on a scale that is
usually graduated from 0 to 100. The rebound readings are
termed R-values.
 Rebound numbers may be used to estimate the uniformity and
quality of concrete

205
206
207
208
ii. Penetration Resistance (Probe)

 The apparatus most often used for penetration resistance is

the Windsor Probe, a special gun.

 A series of three measurements is made in each area with

the spacer plate.

 Penetration resistance can be used for assessing the quality

and uniformity of concrete because physical differences in
concrete will affect its resistance to penetration.

 A probe will penetrate deeper as the density, subsurface

hardness, and strength of the concrete decrease
209
 Windsor probe  Windsor probe in use
apparatus
210
Compressive strength Vs depth of penetration

211
 iii. Pull-Out Test
 This is a test which
measures ,by means of a
special tension jack, the force
required to pull out a
previously cast in metal insert
with an enlarged end.

 The insert is pulled out with a

lump of concrete,
approximately in shape of a
frustum of cone.

212
iv. Ultrasonic Pulse-Velocity Method

 The method involves measurement of the time of travel

of electronically pulsed compression waves through a
known distance in concrete.

 From known TOA (time of arrival) and distance traveled,

the pulse velocity through the concrete can be calculated

 Pulse-velocity measurements made through good-quality,

continuous concrete will normally produce high velocities
accompanied by good signal strengths. Poor-quality or
deteriorated concrete will usually decrease velocity and
signal strength.

213
Ultrasonic pulse-velocity apparatus

214
 MIX DESIGN

Mix design is the selection of mix ingredients

and their proportions.
The purpose of a concrete mix design is to
have economical mix proportions for the
available concreting materials which has
adequate workability to be placed in its final
position on site.

215
 Goals:
 Maximize strength
= minimize water
= control bleeding & segregation
 Reduce Cost
= use largest gravel possible for the job
= minimize paste requirement

 Provide good durability

= use well graded aggregates
= maximize void packing
= reduced segregation

216
 Information required for mix design
The following information for available materials will
be useful:

Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates.

Unit weight of coarse aggregate.
 specific gravities and absorption of aggregates.
Specific gravity of Portland cement and other
cementations materials, if used.

217
 ACI Standard Mix Design Method
• The standard ACI mix design procedure can be
divided into 8 basic steps:
1. Choice of slump
2. Mixing water and air content selection
3. Maximum aggregate size selection
4. Water-cement ratio
5. Cement content
6. Coarse aggregate content
7. Fine aggregate content
8. Adjustments for aggregate moisture

218
 Step #1: Select Slump
Table 1

219
Step #2: Determine Mixing Water and Air Content
Table 2

220
Step #3: Max. Agg. Size Check
 DEFINITION: Nominal maximum aggregate size is
the largest sieve that retains some of the aggregate
particles.
 ACI Limits:
 1/3 of the slab depth

 3/4 of the minimum clear space between

bars/form
 Aggregate larger than these dimensions may be
difficult to consolidate and compact resulting in a
honeycombed structure or large air pockets.
221
Step #4: Select W/C Ratio
Table 3

222
Step #5: Cement Content
• The quantity of cement is calculated based on
the selected mixing water content and water-
cement ratio.

• W/C= Wt. of Water

Wt. of Cement

223
Step #6: Coarse Agg. Content
Table 4

224
Step #7: Fine Agg. Content

225
Step #8: Batch Weight & Water Adjustment
 Aggregate weights
 Aggregate volumes are calculated based on oven dry unit weights,
but aggregate is batched in the field by actual weight.
 Any moisture in the stockpiled aggregate will increase its weight.
 Without correcting for this, the batched aggregate volumes will be
incorrect.
 Amount of mixing water
 If the batched aggregate is anything but saturated surface dry it will
absorb water (if dry) or give up water (if wet) to the cement paste.
 This causes a net change in the amount of water available in the mix
and must be compensated for by adjusting the amount of mixing
water added.

226
 Mix Design Example:

25cm Thick Unreinforced Pavement Slab

 Properties of Concrete Specified By Engineer:

• Slump = 2.5cm
• 28-day strength of 35MPa
• Air content: 5.5 percent

227
Information About Materials:
 Coarse aggregate :
 nominal maximum size = 37.5mm
 dry-rodded weight = 1600 kg/m3
 specific gravity = 2.68
 moisture content = 1.0 percent
 absorption = 0.5 percent
 Fine aggregate:
 fineness modulus = 2.80
 specific gravity = 2.64
 moisture content = 5 percent
 absorption = 0.7 percent 228
WE ARE DESIGNING BATCH WEIGHTS FOR ONE CUBIC METER

 Step #1: Select Slump

 Engineer Specified 2.5cm (correlates w/table 1)

229
Step #2: Determine Mixing Water and Air Content

230
Weight of Water = 150 kg/m3

Volume of Water = 150 kg/m3 = 0.15m3

1000 kg/m3

Volume of Water = 150 liters per cubic meter of

concrete

231
 Step #3: Max. Agg. Size Check
 ACI Limits:
 1/3 of the slab depth

 250mm/3 =83.33mm > 37.5mm OK

232
Step #4: Select W/C Ratio

233
Step #5: Cement Content
 W/C= Wt. of Water
Wt. of Cement
 Wt. of Cement = 150 kg/m3
0.39
=385kg/m3

Volume of Cement = 385 kg/m3

3.15 x 1000kg/m3

Volume of Cement = 0.122m3 per cubic meter of concrete

234
Step #6: Coarse Agg. Content

235
Weight (Dry)
=.71 x 1600 kg/m3 = 1,136 kg

Dry Rodded Unit Wt of agg.

Volume = 1,136 kg = 0.42 m3

2.68 x 1000kg/m3

SG Agg.

236
 Step #7: Fine Agg. Content

1m3 Cubic meter of Concrete

-0.15m3 Water
- 0.055m3 Air
- 0.122m3 Cement
- 0.42m3 aggregate
0.253m3 Sand

Wt of Sand(Dry) = 0.253m3 x 2.64 x 1000kg/m3 = 667.92 kg.

SG Sand
237
 Step #8: Aggregate Batch Weights & Water Adjustment

Since there is moisture in both coarse & fine aggregate,

their batch weights must be adjusted

 Wt of agg.(Wet) = 1,136 kg x 1.01= 1,147.4kg

1% Moisture

 Wt of Sand(Wet) =667.92 kgx 1.05= 701.3kg

5% Moisture

238
Mixing water needs to be adjusted. Both the coarse and fine
aggregate are wet of SSD and will contribute water to the
cement paste.

Water from aggregate = 1,136 kg x (.01-.005) = 5.68kg

Dry Wt. Moisture Absorption

Water from Sand= 667.92 kg x (.05-.007) = 303.39kg

Dry Wt. Moisture Absorption

Water = 150kg – 5.68kg– 33.39kg= 110.93kg

239
Final Batch Wts. (1 Cubic meter)
Water 110.93kg
Cement 385kg
Aggregate 1,147.4kg
Sand 701.3kg

240
 DOE Method of Concrete Mix Design

 Doe method of concrete mix design: the British

method of concrete mix design, popularly
referred to as the "doe method",.
 published by the British Department of the
Environment (DOE).

241
 DOE mix design generally involves the following
stages.
1. Determine the target mean strength
 As a results of variability of concrete it is necessary to
design the mix to have a mean strength greater than the
specified characteristic strength by an amount termed
the margin.
 Thus the target mean strength, fm, is
 fm= fc+ ks
where
fc= specified characteristic strength
s = standard deviation
k = constant depending on the defective level
associated with the specified strength.
ks is termed the margin.
242
243
2. Determine the water/cement (W/C) ratio according
to the target mean strength, types of cement and
aggregate.
Find w/c by:
1. Finding strength from table 2 (with w/c =0.5)
2. Using this strength with w/c 0.5 to draw a curve
parallel to other curves in the figure 4
3. Intersection of the line that represent target mean
strength with this curve will determine w/c

244
245
3. Determine the water content, W, from
required workability, size and type of aggregate.

246
4. Determine cement content, C, from W/C ratio
and water content.

Cement Content =Water Content

W/C

247
5. Estimate the density of wet fresh concrete, D,
based on relative density of combined aggregate
and water content.

248
6. Determine the total aggregate content from
D, C, and W.

To Calculate total Aggregate content:

 Total aggregate content = Wet density-C-W
 C: Cement content Kg/m3
 W:water content Kg/m3

249
7. Determine the proportion of fine aggregate

 According to the fineness of fine aggregate,

maximum aggregate size, slump/Vebe time and
W/C.
 Proportion of FA is obtained from figure 6
 To Calculate Fine Aggregate content
 Fine aggregate content (Fagg) = pw×(Wagg )
kg/m3

250
251
 8. Determine coarse aggregate content.

Cagg= Wagg-Fagg
Material Content (Kg/m3)
water
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Mix proportions X:Y:Z
(Cement :Sand: gravel)

252
Example 1
Design a concrete mix to obtain a characteristic compressive
strength (fc) = 30 N/mm2 at 28 days, with a 2.5% defective
rate (k = 1.96), assume that less than 20 previous results are
available for calculating the standard deviation.

The design requirements are as follows:

 Slump required = 10–30 mm.
 the Maximum aggregate size, MSA = 20 mm (uncrushed)
 Fine aggregate: 50% passing 600µm sieve
 Portland cement class = 42.5.
 maximum free-w/c ratio = 0.55

253
 minimum cement content = 290 kg/m3,
 maximum cement content = not specified.
 Absorption of fine aggregate = 2%;
 Absorption of coarse aggregate = 1.1%
 Total Moisture content of coarse aggregate = 2.5%
 Total Moisture content of fine aggregate = 1.5%.

254
 Target mean strength = 𝒇𝒎
Step 1: Find theTarget Mean Strength

 Specified characteristic strength = 𝒇𝒄, Margin =

𝒌.𝒔

 𝒇𝒎 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌.𝒔
 From Figure 3 the standard deviation is 8 MPa

 𝒇𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟏.𝟗𝟔 × 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟓.𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

255
Step 2: Calculation of Water/Cement Ratio

 From Table 2 the compressive strength for w/c

=0.50 is 42mpa.
 On figure 4 draw a curve which passes through
point 42 and parallel to other curves.
 From Figure 4 the w/c for compressive strength of
45.7mpa
 Draw a straight line through point 45.7mpa
 The intersection of the curve through 42 and the
line through 45.7 is the W/C which is 0.47.

256
257
Step 3: Calculation of free Water Content
 From Table 3, for 10-30mm level of
workability, uncrushed aggregates and
maximum aggregate size of 20mm the
water content is 160kg/m3.

258
Step 4: Calculation of cement Content

Cement content=water content

W/C

= 160
0.47
=340kg/m3

259
Step 5: Weight of Total Aggregate

 From Figure 5 for free water content of 160 kg/m3, Specific

gravity of Uncrushed aggregates =2.6 (assumed), the wet
density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3.
 Therefore, the total aggregate content is:
 Total aggregate content = Wet density of 1m3 concrete –
water content – cement content
Total aggregate content = 2400 – 160 – 340 = 1900 kg/m3

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Step 6: Weight of Fine Aggregate

 From Figure 6. The workability level =10-30mm,

50% passing 600µm sieve w/c=0.47, MSA=20mm
the percentage of fine aggregates = 32%.
 Fine aggregate content = 1900×0.32 = 608 kg/m3
 Coarse aggregate content = 1900 – 608
= 1292 kg/m3

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Step 7. Adjustments for Aggregate Weights and Water
Content.
 Adjusted Fine Aggregate weight.
 Total moisture of fine aggregates = 1.5%, and
absorption = 2%, 0.5% = Ww/WSSD , Ww = weight
of water to reach SSD = 0.5%/1000 * 608 = 3.04
kg.
 Adjusted weight of fine aggregates = 608 – 3.04 =
605 kg
 The mixing water should be increased by an
amount of 3.04 kg

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Adjusted Coarse Aggregates weight
 Total moisture content of coarse aggregate = 2.5 %, and
absorption of coarse aggregate = 1.1%, so the coarse
aggregates are in Wet condition and there is moisture on
the aggregates surface.
 Surface water, SM = (2.5% – 1.1%) = 1.4% = Ww / WSSD
= Ww / 1292,
 SM = 1.4% * 1292/100 = 18.1 kg
 Adjusted coarse aggregates, CA = 1292 + 18.1 = 1310.1
kg.
 Also, amount of water from CA to be added to the mixing
water = 18.1 kg

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Adjusted Mixing Water

Adjusted mixing water = 160 + 3.04 – 18.1 = 145 kg.

Cement (kg) Water Fine aggregate Coarse Aggregates

(kg (kg) (kg)
10mm 20mm

340 145 605 1310.1(3.85)

436.7 873.4
1 0.43 1.78 1.28 2.57

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THE END

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