Chapter Three

Database Management

ZENU U.
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Database Management
• The database management approach
– emphasizes updating and maintaining
common databases,
– share the data in the database, and
– providing a reporting and an
inquiry/response capability so that
end users can easily receive reports
and quick responses to requests for
information.
• Example: if data not organized
– Difficult to retrieve quickly, difficult to
process efficiently and access easily 2
Fundamental Concepts of Database

• data may be logically organized into

– characters,
– fields, records
– files, and databases,
• Example: writing can be organized into
– letters, words,
– sentences, paragraphs, and
– documents.

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Character
• consists of a single alphabetic,
numeric, or other symbol.
• it is a byte used to represent a
particular character.
• is the most basic element of data that
can be observed and manipulated.
• Example:
–A
– 12
–B

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Field
• The next higher level of data is the field,
or data item.
• A field consists of a grouping of related
characters.
• For example, the grouping of alphabetic
characters in a person’s name may form a
name field
• a data field represents an attribute (a
characteristic or quality) of some entity
(object, person, place, or event).
• Example:
– Abebe, Behailu
– chala 5
Record
• All of the fields used to describe the attributes
of an entity are grouped to form a record.
• a record represents a collection of attributes
that describe a single instance of an entity.
• An example is a person’s payroll record,
– which consists of data fields describing attributes
such as the IdNo, person’s name, and rate of pay.
• the first field in a record is used to store some
type of unique identifier for the record.
• This unique identifier is called the primary key.
• The value of a primary key can be anything
that will serve to uniquely identify one
instance of an entity, and distinguish it from
another. 6
File
• A group of related records is a data file
(sometimes referred to as a table or flat
file).
• When it is independent of any other files
related to it, a single table may be
referred to as a flat file.
• Flat file
– defined either narrowly or more broadly.
– consist of data and delimiters.
– refers to any database that exists in a single
file in the form of rows and columns, with no
relationships or links between records and
fields except the table structure. 7
Database

• is shared collection of logically related

data organized to facilitate capture,
storage and retrieval by multiple users
centrally managed
• is an integrated collection of logically
related data elements that provides
data for many applications.

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Implicit Properties of Database

 A database has the following implicit

properties:
• A database represents some aspect of
the real world
• A database is a logically coherent
collection of data with some inherent
meaning
• A database is designed, built, and 9
 Implicit Properties of Database

• A database management system (DBMS) is a

collection of programs that enables users to
create and maintain
a database.
• The DBMS is hence a general-purpose software
system that facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing
databases among various users and applications.

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 Defining a database involves specifying the data types,
structures, and constraints for the data to be stored in the
database.
 Constructing the database is the process of storing the
data itself on some storage medium that is controlled by
the DBMS.
 Manipulating a database includes such functions as
querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating
the database to reflect changes in the mini-world, and
generating reports from the data.
 Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to
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access the database concurrently
 Characteristics of Database
 Characteristics of database approach
A number of characteristics distinguish the
database approach from the traditional
approach of programming with files.
1. Self-Describing Nature of a Database System
2. Insulation between Programs and Data, and
Data Abstraction
3. Support of Multiple Views of the Data
4. Sharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction
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 Data modeling and database
structures
• A data model: a collection of concepts that can
be used to describe the structure of a
database provides the necessary means to
achieve this abstraction. By structure of a
database we mean the data types,
relationships, and constraints that should hold
on the data.
Types of data model
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
• Object-oriented and
• Multidimensional models 13
Hierarchical Structure Network Structure

Dept Dept A Dept B

Employee Employee Employee

Project A Project B 2 3
1

Employee Employee
Employee Project A Project B
1 22

Relational Structure
Dept Dname Dloc Dmgr Empno Ename Etitle Dept
A 1 A
B 2 B
C 3 C

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Hierarchical
• all of the relationships among records
are one-to-many
• each data element is related to only
one element above it.
• The data element or record at the
highest level of the hierarchy is called
the root element.
• Any data element can be accessed by
moving progressively downward from
a root

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Network Structure
• represent more complex logical relationships and is
still used by some mainframe DBMS packages.
• It allows many-to-many relationships among
records;
• access a data element by following one of several
paths because any data element or record can be
related to any number of other data elements.
• Example: you could locate all employee records for
a particular department or all project records
related to a particular employee.

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Relational data structure
• is the most common modern databases
in organizations.
• all data elements within the database
are viewed as being stored in the form
of simple two-dimensional tables,
sometimes referred to as relations.
• The tables are flat files that have rows
and columns.
• Each row represents a single record in
the file, and each column represents a
field.
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 Difference between a flat file and
database
• a flat file can only have data attributes
specified for one file.
• In contrast, a database can specify
data attributes for multiple files
simultaneously and can relate the
various data elements in one file to
those in one or more other files.

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 Building Blocks of the Relational Data
Model
 The building blocks of the relational data
model are:
Entities: real world physical or logical
object
Attributes: properties used to describe
each Entity or real world object.
Relationship: the association between
Entities
Constraints: rules that should be
obeyed while manipulating the data.
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 Properties' of Relational Data Model
 Each row of a table is uniquely identified by a
PRIMARY KEY composed of one or more columns
 Each tuple in a relation must be unique
 Group of columns, that uniquely identifies a row
in a table is called a CANDIDATE KEY
 ENTITY INTEGRITY RULE of the model states that
no component of the primary key may contain a
NULL value
 A column or combination of columns that
matches the primary key of another table is
called a FOREIGN KEY. Used to cross-reference
tables.
 The REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY RULE of the model
states that, for every foreign key value in a table
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Database Development
• Database management packages like Microsoft
Access allow end users to develop the
databases they need easily.
• Controlled by database administrators (DBAs)
and other database specialists.
• This delegation improves the integrity and
security of organizational databases.
• A data dictionary is a database management
catalog or directory containing metadata (i.e.,
data about data).
• For example, it contains the names and
descriptions of all types of data records and
their interrelationships and database
maintenance and security.
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Key Database Activities

There are a number of database

activities.
• Creating or editing a database:
– Create a database for the first time
• Browsing Database Tables
– Browse Database tables dynamically select
a table from the current list of tables in the
database.
• Defining Columns Values in when the
database is created
• Deletion activities
• Updating activities 22
Components of DBMS Environment

• Hardware
– Can range from a PC to a network of
computers.
• Software
– DBMS, operating system, network
software (if necessary) and also the
application programs.
• Data
– Used by the organization and a
description of this data called the
schema.

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Components of DBMS Environment

• Procedures
– Instructions and rules that should be
applied to the design and use of the
database and DBMS.
• People
– Includes database designers, DBAs,
application programmers, and end-
users.

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 Big Data
• Big data is the term for a collection of data
sets so large and complex that it becomes
difficult to process using on-hand database
management tools or traditional data
processing applications.
• a “large dataset” means a dataset too large
to reasonably process or store with traditional
tooling or on a single computer.
• Big data is characterized by 3V and more:
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Volume, Velocity, Variety and Veracity
 What is Big Data?
• Characteristics of Big Data
– Volume: large amounts of data Zeta
bytes/Massive datasets
– Velocity: Data is live streaming or in motion
– Variety: data comes in many different forms
from diverse sources
– Veracity: can we trust the data? How accurate
is it? etc.

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stem
Thank You

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