HISTORY

WHAT DO
YOU KNOW
ABOUT
HISTORY?
 from the Greek word Historie or
Historia which means “learning,
inquiry and or investigation”
HISTOR
Y a branch of the Social Sciences that
deals with the systematic study of
significant past, a branch of knowledge
that records and explains past
events and which concerns people and
human nature.
 refers to the study of history itself.

the history writer

the motives of the
analyzes writer
the sources of the
HISTORIOGRAP writer

HY
the context when the history was
written.

Theories are applied and other

historical methods.
ELEMENT OF
HISTORY
HISTORIAN
• refers to the person writing the history.

PLACE
• The location where the history was written

PERIOD
• Refers to the context of the time when the
history was written.

SOURCES
• Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of
the historian such as documents, written or
oral accounts.
Nature of History as
an academic
discipline
 Historyhas no subject matter of its own. Of
course, the subject matter of history covers all
the persons and all events that have
happened in the past. It is actually very
broad since it does cover everything that has
happened in the society including all aspects
from political, economic social, culture etc.
 Historysynthesizes knowledge from other
fields. Since it covers all phenomena, History as
a branch of the Social Sciences analyzes the
relations of different events, their cause
and effects using also the knowledge used in
other fields of the Social Sciences such as
Anthropology, Sociology Economics etc.
History illuminates pieces of the past.
History provides for explanations of
things that happened in the past. By
looking at relationships of different events
and phenomena, it provides explanations
for seemingly unexplainable gaps.
 History is constantly changing. Since claims to historical
facts are based on personal accounts, documents and
artifacts, a historian makes an analysis based only on
available sources of data. The historian cannot conclude
something which is baseless. Unlike other Social Sciences
which can gather actual and real time data or conduct
experiments to test their hypothesis, historians have to rely
on what is available. Therefore, when new data are
discovered, previous historical accounts can be changed.
 Historysheds light to truth. Since a historian
constantly write about previous phenomena
using historical sources as basis, all claims
therefore supports only the truth base on the
data available. This however does not
preclude the fact that a historian uses also
unwritten sources such as oral accounts
and traditions.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY?
HOW DOES HISTORY
LINKS THE PAST,
PRESENT and FUTURE
It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous events
and phenomena which therefore will provide us with
proper basis on how to view the present and the future.

Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers

for problems that pervades at present.

Our historical view will in itself provide us with the manner

by which we view the present and how we prepare for the
future.
 To know about the roots of
our current culture.

E. Kent To learn about human nature

Rogers by looking at the trend that
repeat through history.

To learn about mistakes of

those who have gone before
us.
 History can be a mere narrative of
past events, while kasaysayan is not
just a narrative or salaysay – it must
have saysay or meaning.
Ambeth
Ocampo Saysay gives us a way or looking at
the world, a Filipino viewpoint that
influences the way we see the past,
the present, and hopefully the
future.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Source

Secondary Source

Tertiary Source
 provides direct or firsthand
evidence about an event, object,
person, or work of art
PRIMARY
SOURCE the evidences by eyewitnesses
or created by people who
experienced the said event or
phenomena.
Examples:
historical and legal eyewitness results of
documents accounts experiments

pieces of creative
writing, audio and
statistical data video recordings, Interviews
speeches, and art
objects.

Internet
communications
Surveys fieldwork,
via email, blogs,
and newsgroups
 interpretations of history They
describe, discuss, interpret,
comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary
sources.
SECONDARY
SOURCE
products of people or writers who
were not part of the event or
phenomena.
Examples:

articles in newspaper

popular magazines

Book (except autobiographies)

movie reviews

articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original
research.
T E RT I A RY
SOURCE
C O N TA I N I N F O R M AT I O N T H AT H A S
B E E N C O M P I L E D F R O M P R I M A RY
A N D S E C O N D A RY S O U RC E S .
 Almanacs

Chronologies

dictionaries and encyclopedias

Directories

Examples: Guidebooks

Indexes

Abstracts

manuals

textbooksc
TYPES of Historical
SOurces
Archival Material

 Archives  Maps
 Manuscripts  architectural drawings
 business and personal  Objects
correspondence  oral histories
 Diaries  computer tapes,
 Journals  video and audio cassettes.
 legal and financial documents
 Photographs
Government
Documents
PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITIES, FUNCTIONS, AND
P O L I C I E S AT A L L G O V E R N M E N T L E V E L S .
It was
already
dated and
analyzed
 Journals

Serials Magazines

Newspapers
Serial Number
Books
 Visual
and
Audio
1926 Documentary about the Igorots

Material
s
Tasaday Nomads of Marcos
HISTORICAL
CRITICISM
  physical examinations of
sources like documents,
External manuscripts, books,
Criticism pamphlets, maps,
inscriptions and
monuments.
External Criticism

Authorship-author’s name in itself can provide for the test of authenticity

Date and place of publication-correct

Unintentional errors
Textual errors.
Intentional errors

Meanings of words used-words used usually changes from generation to

generation
 You must be able to analyze and interpret the contents of
documents in their real meaning.

You must refrain from making your own conclusions so

as not to convey their own interpretation rather than the
true meaning of the content.

Question the motive of the writer and question the

Internal accuracy of the document.

Criticism Verify the writer of the document.

The truthfulness or veracity of the document should be

established

*In cases of contradicting records, the historian should

corroborate the facts from other claims or documents.
 No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga
Kabatà written in Rizal's handwriting
exists. The poem supposedly wrote in
1869 where he was only 8 years old
then.
AUTHORSHI
P
The poem contains some very
mature insights for an eight-year-old
boy – the “stinky fish” line
notwithstanding.
  Thepoem was first
DATE AND published in 1906, a
PLACE OF decade after his death, in a
PUBLICATION book authored by the poet
Hermenigildo Cruz.
  In Rizal’s childhood they
spelled words with a “c”
TEXTUAL
rather than “k.” Further,
ERRORS the word “kalayaan”
(freedom) is used twice.
  Kalayaan was not a common word in
1869 and there is irrefutable evidence
that Jose Rizal himself did not learn
the word until he was 25 years old.
Rizal first encountered the word
atleast by 1872 the years after the
MEANINGS OF execution of GOMBURZA
WORDS USED  Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not
yet needed in writing before 1864 and
even later, especially since
timawa/catimaoan was still widely
used back then as meaning
‘free/freedom.’”