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Unit 9

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23 views15 pages

Unit 9

Uploaded by

reabetswemofokeng28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Permutations and Combinations

Learning Outcomes:
• Define a permutation;
• Define a combination ;
• Distinguish between types of problems to be attempted by means of
permutations or alternatively , by means of combinations;
• State and apply basic formulas ;
• State and prove theorems which connect the basic formulas;
• Apply theorems to real life problems.
Stuff you should know…
Factorial notation

Binomial notation
Definitions:
Permutation is the finite number of objects in a fixed order (No repetitions).

Combination is the finite number of objects where the order is not important. (No repetition)

e.g in the set , and are different permutations but the same combinations.

Question: Suppose you have the arrangements and . How many permutations and combinations do you have?
ANS:

Question: Suppose you have four different letters . How many ways can you arrange two of the four letters (permutations) and
how many ways can you combine two of the four letters (combinations)?
ANS:

NB: The order matters in a Permutation but does not matter in a Combination.
Formulas
n n!
Pr 
Permutation: (n  r )!

Where is the number of elements and is the number of elements chosen.


Note:

Calculate and
Ans: and

Combination:

Where is the number of elements and is the number of elements chosen.

Define and (Show).

Calculate
Ans: 10 and 15
Some examples

1. In how many ways can you arrange 3 books on a shelf from a group of 7
books?
2. In how many ways can you arrange 5 books on a shelf?
3. How many teams of 4 can be produced from a pool of 12 engineers?

Ans:

4.
5.
Theorem:

[Proof in class]

Exercises
1. Find if
2. Find if
Ans:
1. .
Exercises
Note: Write only the necessary combinations and/or permutations. Do not attempt to compute the final answer.

1. From a group of twenty people, a committee of five is to be chosen.


a) How many different committees can be chosen?
b) If you first choose a chairman, then a secretary and finally three members, how many committees can be chosen?
2. A maths club has twenty members. The offices of the president, vice president, secretary and treasurer are to be filled and no
member may serve in more than one office. How many different slates of candidates are possible?
3. A committee of five people is to be chosen from a group of 6 men and 4 women.
a) How many committees are possible if one particular person is to be chosen on the committee?
b) How many committees are possible if one woman refuses to serve?
Answers:
2. a)
b)
2.
3. a)
b)
4. A committee of 7 must be chosen from 9 boys and 4 girls. How many committees are possible if the committee
consists of:
a) exactly three girls?
b) at least three girls?
c) at most three girls?
5. How many three-letter words, with or without meaning, can be formed with the letters of the word “math”?
Answers:
4. a)
b)
c)

5.
The binomial theorem
Learning Outcome:
• Be able to explain the concepts “binomial coefficients” and “general term”;
• State and prove the binomial theorem;
• Apply the binomial theorem;
• Develop a binomial series;
• Use the binomial series to find a rational approximation of certain irrational
numbers.
Theorem: The binomial Theorem.

For every pair of real numbers and and every positive integer , we have

i.e

Examples:
•Note: The numbers are referred to as
binomial coefficients

•Question: Find the coefficient of in the


binomial expansion of .
•
•Question: Find the coefficient of the
constant term in the binomial expansion
of .
Definition:

For a real number , we define:

Compute the following:


1.
2.
3.
4.
Theorem
For every rational number and each real number with we have,

NB: Leave your answer in the first four terms of the binomial expansion unless stated otherwise.
Question: Compute

Question: Approximate using the binomial expansion.

Question: Find the first four terms of the binomial expansion,

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