WEB DESIGN &

DEVELOPMENT
Lone Lone HND 49
Server Technologies

Servers use various hardware and

software tools to store, process, and
communicate data for websites,
applications, and IT services.
How do they work?

 Whenever someone goes to a website, their browser sends a request to

the server.

 The server then gets the necessary files from its storage and returns

them to the browser.

 If the website uses a database, the server also looks for the data it

needs, which is then sent back to the server and, ultimately, to the

browser.
Website Technologies

There are two types of website

technologies:

 Front-end

 Back-end
Front-end

To make a user-friendly website, a visually

appealing interface with design, images,
and text is essential.

Optimizing a website's loading speed and

interactions using HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript can provide a seamless and
efficient user experience.
Back-end

The website relies on servers, databases,

and programming languages.

Authorization measures are put in place to

manage access to different areas of the
application.
 Front-end Back-end

To work on the front end, it's essential to have Proficiency in various programming languages
expertise in HTML, CSS, SASS, JavaScript, and such as Python, Ruby, Java, PHP, etc. is
other related skills necessary for back end development

Doesn’t work independently except for static functions independently of front end
sites development

The aim is to guarantee that all users can use

The goal of developing the back end is to
the application and that it retains
ensure the proper functioning, scalability, and
responsiveness across various platforms,
efficiency of the application
including desktops, tablets, and phones

Java script, HTML, CSS Python, Java, Rub, PHP

jQuery, AngularJS, , Bootstrap, EmberJS Laravel, Spring, Zend, Symfony, CakePHP

How they relate with the application
layer and presentation layer

Front-End + Presentation
Layer

• The goal is to ensure that data is conveyed to the user in a manner that is easy to
comprehend and use efficiently.

• The presentation layer for web-based user interfaces (including HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript) primarily focuses on displaying information through design, layout, and
interactive features.
Back-End + Application
layer

• Perform server-side actions, process data, and connect with

databases and external services.

• Back-end databases and algorithms are part of the Application

layer in the OSI model.
Management service associated with
hosting
Hosting management services include tasks and services provided by a hosting
provider to keep servers and infrastructure secure and well-maintained.

Benefits

• Less work to be done

• Enhanced safety
• Enhanced reliability and efficiency
DN
S
DNS stands for domain naming system, which
is used for accessing computing systems and
resources over the Internet, specifically in
Internet Protocol Networks. A domain name
server stores a database of IP addresses
translated to their corresponding domain
names. In essence, DNS is the Internet's
phonebook.
Purpose of using DNS

 DNS is responsible for converting domain names into IP addresses, which makes accessing

online resources and websites a breeze.

 Domain names simplify browsing by using a hierarchy separate from IP addresses.

 You don't have to manage or create DNS entries and can retrieve web pages using the correct

IP address, even if it changes due to relocation.

Types of DNS

• Root server
• Primary server
• Secondary server
Root Server

Root servers are DNS nameservers

operating in the root zone. They can
answer queries for records stored or
cached within the root zone and direct
other requests to the appropriate Top
Level Domain server.
Primary Server

A primary server is the initial source of

Domain Name System (DNS) data and
answers queries, whereas the secondary
server behaves like the primary server but
lacks the same data access.
Secondary
Server

A backup server is a secondary server that

acts as an extension of the central server
and provides alternative access in case
the primary server is unavailable.
 How Domain names are
organized and managed

• Domain names are kept in exclusive databases connected to the global domain registrar
system.

• The Domain Name System (DNS) manages converting IP addresses to readable

hostnames.

• The domain names consist of both second-level and top-level domains.

• A domain name is essential for publishing websites on the network, as it represents the
website through IP addresses in human language.
Communication protocols

A set of formal rules that outline the

process for transmitting or exchanging
data, typically over a network, is called a
communications protocol.

When a communications protocol is

established as a standard, it is referred to
as a standardized protocol.
Websites use several necessary
communication protocols

• HTTP
• HTTPs
• FTP
• Telnet
• SMTP
HTTP (Hyper-text transfer protocol)

HTTP is the foundation of the World

Wide Web. It is an application layer

protocol that facilitates data exchange

between connected devices.

HTTPs (Hyper-text transfer protocol
secure)

HTTPS is an improved version of HTTP

widely used online for secure

communication over computer networks. It

uses encryption through TLS (Transport

layer security) (formerly SSL (secure

sockets layer)) to secure the

communication protocol.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

FTP is a file transfer protocol used in

computer networks. It facilitates the

transfer of files from a server to a client

using separate control and data

connections.
Server hardware

• Server hardware is the physical component of a computer network used to perform

various tasks.
• It includes tangible parts and software-based servers with an operating system.

• Examples:
o Processor (cpu)
o Memory (ram)
o Storage
Processor

The CPU processes calculations

and logical operations. Web
servers may require one robust
or multiple processes to handle
tasks simultaneously.
Memory

RAM allows for faster access to

computer memory than an SSD
or hard drive. More RAM means
better capacity for multiple
processes simultaneously. ECC
technology is key in RAM.
Storage

A webserver needs enough

storage for website components
like HTML files, images, videos,
and dynamic data such as chats,
emails, and comments. The
capacity of storage that is
recommended for web servers is
anywhere between 40GB and
250GB.
Operating Systems

Window

Microsoft developed the Windows operating

system for both business and personal use. It
supports enterprise-level administration, data
storage, and a variety of applications.
Linux

Linux is an open-source, UNIX-like OS that

supports multi-user, multi-process, and multi-
threaded activities. However, using Linux
servers requires technical expertise for
installation, upkeep, and problem fixes.
Mac

Apple's macOS Server is an operating system

designed for servers based on macOS. It
offers enhanced features and tools for
managing iOS and macOS devices, along with
server functionality.
Web Server software

• Web servers can be operated by computers using web server software. In the past, web
servers only supported static files such as HTML and graphics.

• However, modern web servers often include server-side programs.

• Some examples of web server software

o Apache
o http server
o Lighttpd
Relationships between them regarding
to the designing, publishing and
accessing a website
Communication protocol

The choice of communication protocols can affect a website's performance and

security. HTTPS ensures data privacy and integrity, but it may also lead to slower
response times due to increased server processing and resource usage.
Server hardware

Server hardware is crucial for website performance and availability. Inadequate

resources can lead to slow response times, downtime, or crashes, resulting in a poor
user experience and loss of revenue for businesses.

Operating system

The website's performance depends on the server's operating system. Linux is

commonly used due to its stability and control over server resources. Windows is less
common due to licensing expenses and limited customization options.
Web server software

The choice of web server software can affect the performance, security, and ability to
handle the growth of a website. Apache and Nginx are widely used open-source web
server software that can be installed on various operating systems.
Online Website Creation Tools
• Online website creation tools help create a
website without extensive programming skills.

• They provide drag-and-drop interfaces, pre-made

templates, and design features to create a site
from scratch.

• Online website development tools allow

individuals and businesses to create professional-
looking websites without the need for coding
skills or hiring a web developer.
Custom-built sites
• Custom-built websites are created from scratch to meet the
specific needs of a customer or business, using programming
languages like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP.

• Creating a website using online tools can be challenging due to

limited design options.

• Custom-built websites offer complete design flexibility, better

performance, and reliability.

• They can include e-commerce functionality, membership

systems, and social media integration, providing a more engaging
user experience.
User Experience (UX)

Building a website is accessible with

user-friendly tools that require no
coding.

However, they have limitations in

design, performance, scalability, and
integration compared to custom- built
websites.
User Interface
(UI)

Website creation tools offer pre-designed templates

and interfaces, which are great for users without
design expertise.

While these templates provide a consistent UI,

custom-built websites offer complete control over
the UI design, allowing businesses to create unique
interfaces that reflect their branding and user
experience goals.