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Logical Fallacy

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40 views26 pages

Logical Fallacy

Disclaimer, this document has errors, bear with me. I just need to upload something so I can download a document I need for my report huhu.

Uploaded by

gacerzara38
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Logical Fallacy

What is a
Logical Fallacy?
A Logical Fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs
when invalid arguments or irrelevant points are
introduced without any evidence to support them.
People often resort to logical fallacies when their goal
is to persuade others. Because fallacies appear to be
correct even though they are not, people can be tricked
into accepting them.
A Logical Fallacy is an argument that may sound convincing
or true but is actually flawed. Logical fallacies are leaps of
logic that lead us to an unsupported conclusion. People
may commit a logical fallacy unintentionally, due to poor
reasoning, or intentionally, in order to manipulate others.
The majority of logical fallacies involve arguments—
in other words, one or more statements (called the
premise) and a conclusion. The premise is offered in
support of the claim being made, which is the
conclusion.
There are two types of mistakes that can
occur in arguments:

• A factual error in the premises. Here, the mistake is


not one of logic. A premise can be proven or
disproven with facts. For example, If you counted 13
people in the room when there were 14, then you
made a factual mistake.
There are two types of mistakes that can
occur in arguments:

• The premises fail to logically support the


conclusion. A logical fallacy is usually a mistake of
this type. In other words, a logical fallacy violates the
principles of critical thinking because the premises
do not sufficiently support the conclusion, while a
factual error involves being wrong about the facts.
Types of
Logical Fallacies
• Informal Logical Fallacy

• Formal Logical Fallacy


Informal Logical Fallacy
An informal logical fallacy occurs when there is an error in
the content of an argument (i.e., it is based on irrelevant
or false premises).

Informal fallacies can be further subdivided into groups


according to similarity, such as relevance (informal
fallacies that raise an irrelevant point) or ambiguity
(informal fallacies that use ambiguous words or phrases,
the meanings of which change in the course of
discussion).
Formal logical fallacies
A formal logical fallacy occurs when there is an error in
the logical structure of an argument.

As such, even though both the premises of the argument


are true, there is a flaw in the argument’s logical structure,
which renders it invalid.
What are the common
Logical Fallacies?
• Argumentum Ad hominem or Appeal to Person
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• Appeal to ignorance fallacy
• Appeal to pity fallacy
• Hasty generalization fallacy (overgeneralization fallacy)
• Post hoc (ergo propter hoc) fallacy
• Argumentum ad Populum or Appeal to People (Bandwagon fallacy)
• Circular Reasoning fallacy
• Argumentatum ad Nauseam (argument to the point of disgust, i. e.,
by repetition)
• Argumentatum ad Baculum or the Appeal to Force
• Argumentatum ad Antiquitatem or the Appeal to Tradition
• Argumentatum ad Numerum or Appeal to Numbers
Ad hominem fallacy
Your argument addresses the character, motives, or personal
attributes of someone instead of the content of their
argument.

Example:
You don’t know anything about speech disorders! You don’t
have one yourself!
Appeal to authority fallacy
You claim that your statement is true because a figure of
(false or anonymous) authority made it.

Example:
Person A: I’m going to try a new medication for my
migraines.
Person B: According to scientists, the best way to alleviate
migraines is by using essential oils.
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
You claim that your statement is true because there is no
evidence against it. Or you claim that something is false
because there is no evidence in favor of it.

Example:
Person A: You should try this new medication.
Person B: Is it safe for children?
Person A: There’s no evidence that it isn’t, so you should try
it.
Appeal to pity fallacy
You try to convince your audience by provoking a feeling of
guilt or pity with your argument.

Example:
You should buy this bike, because I put so much work into
restoring it after my father passed away.
Hasty generalization fallacy
(overgeneralization fallacy)

You make a claim based on very little evidence or on


evidence that’s not representative.

Example:
Two people I know experienced headaches after getting
vaccinated, so vaccines cause headaches.
Post hoc (ergo propter hoc) fallacy

You claim that one event is the result of another event, simply
because they one happened after the other.

Example:
You sneezed, and then Susy got sick. You infected her!
Bandwagon fallacy (ad populum, appeal to
popular opinion)

You claim that something is true because it’s the opinion of


the majority.

Example:
Of course you should buy an iPhone. 1.5 billion people can’t
be wrong!
Circular reasoning fallacy
You are using a statement to prove the reasons for the
statement (A is true because B is true, and B is true because
A is true).

Example:
Person A: Jc said Marc is very friendly, because he’s very
nice.
Person B: Did he say what’s so nice about him?
Person A: He’s very friendly!
Argumentum ad Nauseam (argument to
the point of disgust, i. e., by repetition)
This is the fallacy of trying to prove something by saying it again
and again.

Example:
Tell 'em what you're gonna tell 'em, then tell 'em, then tell 'em
what you told them.
Argumentum ad Baculum or the
Appeal to Force
This uses moral, psychological, cultural or physical
pressure/threat instead of reason of it's argument.

Example:
Since I am your boss, you must vote for my candidate or else I
will fire you.
Argumentum ad Antiquitatem or
the Appeal to Tradition
Using Historical preferences of the people (tradition), either in
general or as specific as the historical preferences of a single
individual, as evidence that the historical preferences are
correct.

Example:
Church should begin at 11 am because that's the time that we
have always begun the church service.
Argumentum ad Numerum or
Appeal to Numbers
This fallacy is the attempt to prove something by showing how
many people think that it's true.

Example:
At least 70% of all Americans support restrictions on access to
abortions.
Thank you for Listening!

@zawaa

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