GLOBAL

MIGRATION
B A S I C CO N C E PTS
•Define Global Migration
Another term for global
migration is international migration.
This type of migration occurs when
people cross state boundaries and stay
in a host state for a certain amount of
time. People migrate (move) across the
globe, either voluntarily or involuntarily
(forced).
 What is the importance of global migration?

Economic growth - Migration boosts the working-age population. Migrants arrive

with skills and contribute to the human capital development of receiving countries.
Migrants also contribute to technological progress. Understanding these impacts is
important if our societies are to usefully debate the role of migration.
What is the impact of global migration?
Migrants eventually induce social, economic, and
political problems in receiving countries, including:

1) increases in the 2) increases in 3) displacement of

population, with demand for goods nationals from
adverse effects on and services occupations in the
existing social countryside and in
institutions the cities
•What is the purpose of global
migration?
•Some people move in search of work or
economic opportunities, to join family, or to
study. Others move to escape conflict,
persecution, terrorism, or human rights
violations. Still, others move in response to
the adverse effects of climate change,
natural disasters, or other environmental
factors.
What is Migration?

Movement of people to a new area or

country to find work or better living
conditions.
The crossing of the boundary of a political
or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period of time.
It includes the movement of refugees,
displaced persons, uprooted people as
well as economic migrants.
Four Types of Migration

1. Labour migration
• Labour migration is the movement of individuals from one country to another for
work or in response to recruitment drives. High-skilled labour migration is a type of
migration most demanded by host countries looking to attract highly skilled
workers. In most cases, countries seek highly skilled workers in certain occupations
when there is a shortage. This type of migration is not as common.

2. Forced migration
• Forced migration may occur when people are forced to flee their home country due
to conflict or political repression (refugees and asylum seekers). Forced migration
can also happen due to natural disasters, limited food production and water
insecurity, (often exacerbated by climate change). Human trafficking is also
characterized by forced migration.
3. International Retirement Migration (IRM)
• Retired people may have the financial power to buy properties abroad, which
can be either a first or a second home. These people put a lot of pressure on
urbanization and the mass construction of housing, significantly in coastal and
rural areas. This type of migration can also include people leaving their job and
moving to a rural location in another country. These people may telework or set
up a business.

4. Internal migration
• Separately from international and global migration, this type of
migration involves a person moving from one area to another within
the same country, such as from the north of England to the south of
England. No international borders are crossed. This type of
migration crosses over with 'Rural-Urban' migration, or 'Counter-
Urbanisation'.
Migrants

A migrant is a person who is moving from one place to another. Someone

may be considered a migrant regardless of a person's legal status, the cause
of migration (voluntary or involuntary), or how long they intend to stay.

Asylum seeker: this is a person who is applying for asylum. Usually, asylum seekers
have had to flee their home countries and cannot return due to fear of persecution, or even
death. An asylum seeker searches for international protection, however, the claim for
refugee status has not yet (and may not at all) been granted.

Refugee: A refugee describes someone who is leaving a country (or fleeing), due to
things like conflict or natural disaster, or other forms of persecution. Legally speaking, a
refugee is an asylum seeker whose claim for asylum has been successful, meaning they are
granted refugee status in a new country to live there permanently.

Economic migrant: a person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to
seek, by legal or illegal means, employment in another country.
Why do people migrate?
International migration can have so-called 'push' and 'pull' factors:

Push factors Pull factors

Push factors are based on the country of origin. These
Pull factors are based on the intended destination of
are factors that may cause the migrants to have the
the migrant (the host country). These are factors that
desire to move.
attract people to a new place.

 • Better quality of life and standard of living

Wars, conflict, political instability, and economic
crisis • Varied employment opportunities, higher wages
 Ethnic and religious persecution
• Better healthcare and access to education
 Natural and man-made disasters, such as services
earthquakes
 Poverty • Political stability, more freedom

 Unemployment, low wages, and poor working • Better life prospects

conditions
• For retirees; a range of services to cater to their
 Shortages of food, water, or healthcare needs, or environmental characteristics, such as the
 Limited opportunities coast.
Global migration patterns
People migrate all the time, willingly or unwillingly, and different migration
patterns can be seen throughout the decades. Take a look at the migration
timeline below to see migration patterns throughout history.

Implications of global migration

When we consider the implications of global migration, we divide them into
demographic, health and social, economic, political and environmental
implications:
Health and social implications

Demographic and population change can relieve pressure on healthcare and

education systems if population rates reduce in an origin country. More significantly,
however, there may also be a loss of qualified workers (doctors, nurses, teachers),
due to increased wages and better prospects elsewhere, which can impact the
economy and development levels. In the host country, pressure on schools
(specifically primary schools) and healthcare services (maternal and infant) may
increase, as the population rises. Ethnic and racial tensions may also increase,
alongside segregation issues. Some migrants, particularly asylum seekers and
refugees, are vulnerable to human trafficking. The movement of people away from
an origin country can cause a break-up of communities, family units, and even a loss
of traditional culture. On the other hand, cultural diversity will increase in the host
country, with the introduction of new foods, music, and fashion.
Demographic implications

In the origin country, populations of childbearing age will leave, causing birth rates to
drop, Younger workers tend to migrate, leaving behind an older generation, resulting in
an unbalanced and aging population in the origin country. Comparatively, in the host
country, the youthful working population will boom, and birth rates may increase.

Economic implications
In the origin country, there may be a reduction in pressures on food, water, and energy
supplies, reduced agricultural and industrial production, as well as a general decline in
services, with fewer people to support them. With a reduced workforce and the loss of the
most educated and skilled workforce members, development is hindered. Migrants often
send money back to their origin country in the form of remittances; this is often not
enough to support the economic decline from migration, which may cause dependency.
In some cases, migrants can develop new skills to be able to bring them back to their
original country.
Environmental implications

In the origin country, abandonment can occur; farmland, buildings, and whole villages can
be left behind, while environmental management also decreases. In the host country, there
may be increased pressure on land for development and infrastructure, such as roads or
housing. Resource pressure will also increase, as the demand for energy, water, and food
rises.

Political implications

In the origin country, pressure may increase for policies to be initiated to re-develop areas
which are declining. Other policies may also be introduced, such as pro-natal policies, or
even incentives to help retain skilled workers. Some governments of countries with high
populations may encourage migration for socio-economic advantages, or as an anti-natal
strategy. In the host country, however, more issues could occur; with negative views
toward migration, pressure for migration control may rise, as well as anti-immigration
political parties, and right-wing organizations. With more nationalistic
•Global migration crisis
According to the UN Refugee Agency, at the
end of 2020, 82.4 million people worldwide have
been forcibly displaced as a result of persecution,
conflict, violence, human rights violations, climate,
or events seriously disturbing public order. The
number of refugees has never been higher in modern
history. This global migration crisis is better known
as a refugee crisis. Refugee crises can refer to large
groups of displaced people. They could be internally
displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers, or any
other big group of migrants. A refugee crisis can help
to demonstrate incidents in a country of origin,
problems while on the move, and problems in the
hosting country after arrival.
•Thank
you