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Lesson 1.1 Measurements and Vectors Part 1

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9 views29 pages

Lesson 1.1 Measurements and Vectors Part 1

Uploaded by

jczdmkcrgr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION,
MEASUREMENT AND
VECTORS

PREPARED BY:
ENGR.JOMEL FRAGO REBULADO
INSTRUCTOR
TELL ME SOMETHING

WHAT IS PHYSICS?

WHY STUDYING PHYSICS IS


IMPORTANT?
NATURE OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS is an experimental science.

Physicist observe the phenomena of nature and


try to find patterns and principles that relate these
phenomena.
These patterns are called PHYSICAL
THEORIES or, when they are very well established
and of broad use, physical laws or principles.
NATURE OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS is not simply a collection of facts and
principles; it is also the process by which we arrive at
general principles that describe how the physical
universe behaves
Galileo’s theory has a range of validity. It applies
only to objects for which the force exerted by the air
(due to air resistance and buoyancy) is much less than
the weight.
Objects like feathers or parachutes are clearly
outside this range.
SOLVING
PHYSICS
PROBLEMS
HOW DO YOU LEARN
TO SOLVE PHYSICS
PROBLEMS?
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES offer
techniques for setting up and solving problems
efficiently and accurately.

1. IDENTIFY the relevant concepts


2. SET UP the problems
3. EXECUTE the solutions
4. EVALUATE your answers
IDEALIZED
MODELS
IDEALIZED MODELS

MODEL
simplified version of a
physical system that
would be too
complicated to analyze
in full detail.
STANDARDS AND
UNITS
STANDARDS AND UNITS
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
Any number that is used to describe a physical
phenomenon quantitatively.
In other cases we define a physical quantity by describing
how to calculate it from other quantities that we can measure.

The system of units used by scientists and engineers


around the world is commonly called “the metric system” but
since 1960 it has been known officially as the International
System or SI (the abbreviation for its French name, Systeme
International)
STANDARDS AND UNITS
TIME
The present standard, adopted in 1967, Is
much more precise. It is based on an atomic clock,
which uses the energy difference between the two
lowest energy states of the cesium atom

SECOND (s)
defined as the time required for 9,192,631,770
cycles of this microwave radiation
UNIT
PREFIXES
UNIT PREFIXES
UNIT PREFIXES
UNIT PREFIXES
UNIT
CONSISTENCY
AND
CONVERSION
EXAMPLE 1
The official world land speed record is 1228.0 km/h, set on
October 15, 1997, by Andy Green in the jet engine car Thrust SSC.
Express this speed in meter per second.
EXAMPLE 2
The world’s largest cut diamond is the First Star of Africa
(mounted in the British Royal Sceptre and kept in the Tower
of London). Its volume is 1.84 cubic inches. What is its
volume in cubic centimeters? In cubic meters?
UNCERTAINTY
AND
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
UNCERTAINTY AND SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
ERROR is the deviation of a measured value
from the expected or true value.

UNCERTAINTY is a way of expressing


this error.

Measured value= (true valueuncertainty) units


ACCURACY VERSUS PRECISION

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured


value to the expected or true value of a physical
quantity.

Precision represents how close or consistent the


independent measurements of the same quantity are to
one another.
RANDOM VERSUS SYSTEMATIC
Random errors is the result from unpredictable or
inevitable changes during measurements
- affect the precision of the measurements.

Systematic errors usually come from the


measuring instrument or in the design of the
experiment itself.
-these errors limit the accuracy of result.
PERCENT ERROR AND PERCENT
DIFFERENCE
Percentage Error is computed when there is an
expected or true value of a quantity.

-it is usually considered in judging the accuracy


of a measurement

= true or accepted value


X= measured value
PERCENT ERROR AND PERCENT
DIFFERENCE

Percent difference is a measure of how far apart the


difference measured values are from each other.
- indication of precision

= two measured values in an experiment


SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific notation is the way that scientist
easily handle very large numbers or very
small numbers.
Express the following in scientific notation.
1. The speed of the light is approximately
300 000 000 m/s.
2. The mass of a strand of hair is
approximately 0.000 000 62 kg.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Two trials were performed in an experiment to
determine the latent heat of vaporization (Lv) of water at
100 degree celcius. The values of Lv of water obtained
were 532 cal/g and 536 cal/g. Find the percent
difference between the two values.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
referring to sample problem 4, find the percent
error for each measurement if the accepted value of Lv
of water at 100 degree celcius is 540 cal/g
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
The rest energy E of an object with rest mass m
is given by Einstein’s equation

Where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Find E for an


object with m=9.11x10^-32 kg (to three significant
figures, the mass of an electron). The SI unit for E is the
joule (J). 1J = 1 kg.m^2/s^2

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