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CHAPTER 5.1 Hypothesis Testing

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21 views26 pages

CHAPTER 5.1 Hypothesis Testing

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engellefayecomia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRELIMINARIES

TESTING
HYPOTHESIS
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Hypothesis testing is a statistical method


applied in making decisions using experimental
data. Hypothesis testing is basically testing an
assumption that we make about a population.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation,
assertion, or assumption about a population
parameter or about the distribution of a
random variable.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis
The null hypothesis is an initial claim based on previous
analyses, which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or

parameters. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑜.


nullify. It shows no significant difference between two

The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the null

a real effect. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑎.


hypothesis, which shows that observations are the result of
EXAMPLE 1
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81. The teacher wishes to find
out if the claim is true. She tests if there is a significant
difference between the batch mean score and the mean
score of students in her class.
CLAIM: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students

𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is


is 81.

81. (𝜇 = 81)
𝐻𝑎: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is
not 81. (𝜇 ≠ 81)
EXAMPLE 2
CLAIM: The average number of hours that it takes a ten-
year-old child to learn a certain task in a specific subject is
less than 0.52 hour.

𝐻𝑜: The average number of hours that it takes a ten-year-


old child to learn a certain task in a specific subject is equal
to 0.52 hour. (µ = 0.52)

𝐻𝑎: The average number of hours that it takes a ten-year-


old child to learn a certain task in a specific subject is less
than 0.52 hour. (µ < 0.52)
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!!!
State the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis of
the following.
1. The average age of grade eleven students is 17
years old.
2. The mean content of citric acid in a bottle of juice
drinks is greater than 2 ml.
3. The average monthly salary of a private school
teachers is less than Php 16 000.
4. The mean weight of newborn babies is 0.5 kg.
5. The average IQ of grade eleven students is less than
108.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers


Level of Significance

to the degree of significance in which we accept or reject


the null hypothesis.
 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting
a hypothesis.
 The significance level α is also the probability of
making the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is
true.
The commonly used levels of significance are 0.01,
0.05 and 0.10.
CRITICAL VALUE OF Z

Type of Level of Significance


Test

One –
tailed
Two -
tailed
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

If Ho is rejected at 0.05 level, then


it is usually labeled as "significant”,
otherwise the result is labeled “not
significant”. If Ho is rejected at
0.01 level, then the result is
labeled “Highly significant”.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
Example:
A 0.01 level of significance means that the researcher
is willing to take 1% error in making a decision. It is
also implies that he is 99% confident that he will make
a right decision. Likewise, 0.05 level of significance
means that the researcher is willing to take 5% error in
making a decision. It is also implies that he is 95%
confident that he will make a right decision.
TYPE OF TESTS

Directional Test (one – tailed)


 a test of any statistical hypothesis where the
alternative hypothesis is expressed using less
than (<) or greater than (>).
 also called one-tailed test since the critical
or rejection lies entirely in one tail of the
sampling distribution.
TYPE OF TESTS

Non - Directional Test (Two – tailed)


 a test of any statistical hypothesis where the
alternative hypothesis is written with a not equal
sign (≠).
 also called two - tailed test since there is no
assertion made on the direction of the difference.
The rejection region is split into two equal parts,
one in each tail of the sampling distribution.
EXAMPLE

Claim 1: The average weekly allowance of


college students is less than Php 1, 500.
Claim 2: The average weekly allowance of
college students is Php 1, 500.
TYPES OF ERROR

TYPE I ERROR
 occurs when the null hypothesis is
true and rejected, the decision is
incorrect.
 it is also called alpha error (error).
TYPES OF ERROR

TYPE II ERROR
 occurs when the null hypothesis is
false and accepted, the decision is
incorrect.
 it is also called beta error (error).
TYPES OF ERROR
TYPES OF ERROR
Example 1: Maria’s Age
Maria insists that she is 30 years
old when, in fact, she is 32 years
old. What Maria is committing
error?
Type I error
TYPES OF ERROR
Example 2: Monkey – Eating Eagle
Hunt
A man plans to go hunting the
Philippine monkey-eating eagle
believing that it is the proof of his
mettle. What type of error is this?
Type II error
TYPES OF ERROR
Example 3: Stephen’s Hairline
Stephen says that he is not bald. His
hairline is just receding. Is he
committing an error? If so, what type
of error?
Type I error
Illustration of the Rejection Region
The rejection region (or critical region) is the set
of all values of the test statistic that causes us to
reject the null hypothesis.
The non-rejection region (or acceptance region)
is the set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
The critical value is a point (boundary) on the
test distribution that is compared to the test
statistic to determine if the null hypothesis would
be rejected.
ACCEPTING OR REJECTING THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS
1. Determine the critical value, using
appropriate statistical tables.
2. Draw the rejection region and the critical
value.
3. If the test value or the computed value falls
in the rejection, then reject the null
hypothesis; otherwise, accept the null
hypothesis.
ACCEPTING OR REJECTING THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS
ACCEPTING OR REJECTING THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS
ACCEPTING OR REJECTING THE NULL
HYPOTHESIS
QUIZ # 1
For each of the following conjecture, state the
null and alternative hypothesis.
1. The average time to commute from
home to school is 35.9 minutes.
2. The average number of vehicles
passing through NLEX daily is less
than 21,000.
3. The average typing speed of a
secretary is 23.8 words per minute.

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