SMALL RUMINANT

DISEASES
(GOAT&SHEEP)

GROUP 3
WHAT IS DISEASE?
• Is any harmful deviation from the
normal structural or functional
state of an organisms.
• It could be caused by infectious
agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi
and parasites).
• Non-infectious agents (Chemical,
physical, lack of minerals or toxin
and etc).
 HOST FACTORS

Organisms that considered to be the:

• Breed
• Age
• Sex
• Immune status
MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENT:
1.NUTRITION 1.CLIMATE
2.HERD HEALTH 2.HOUSING
3.PARASITE CONTROL 3.WATER QUALITY
4.VACCINATION 4.PASTURE
5.STRESS
MANAGEMENT
COMMON DISEASES OF SMALL
RUMINANTS
 BRUCELLOSIS

• This is a disease caused by genus

Brucella and it is characterised by Brucella spp.
abortion in late pregnancy and
subsequent high rate of infertility.
 BRUCELLOSIS
CAUSE: ORGANISM EXCRETED IN MILK, URINE,
AND FECES. CAUSES AN INFECTION OF THE
PLACENTA AND UDDER.

SYMPTOMS: ABORTION WILL OCCUR IN LAST 2

MONTHS OF PREGNANCY

TREATMENT: VACCINATIONS ARE AVAILABLE

TO PREVENT IT, BUT GENERALLY THE HERD IS
SLAUGHTERED.
Figure 1.
Different bacterial diseases of goat and the organ/ tissues affected. Brucellosis affects
reproductive tract, dermatophilosis affect the skin, johne’s disease causes corrugation
of intestine, pasteurellosis/ mannheimiosis, tuberculosis, contagious caprine
pleuropneumonia affects the respiratory system, caseous lymphadenitis affects the
lymph nodes and tetanus affects the nervous system. This figure is propriety of the
authors.
 ENTEROTOXAEMIA

• Known as overeating disease or Pulpy kidney disease

• Cause: Clostridium perfringens type C, D, primarily

type D.
• Clostridium perfringens type D bacteria produce poisons

when digestive tract deprives them of oxygen.

• Associated with change in quality and quantity of feed.
• Vaccination at weaning and yearly booster will help in

prevention.
 SYMPTOMS

• Loss of appetite, depressed,

high temperature, and watery
diarrhea; as enterotoxemia
progresses, the goat is unable
to stand & will lie on its side
making paddling motions.
watery diarrhea, depression,
convulsions, or death
 TREATMENT

• Coccidiostats added to water

and feed and strict sanitation.
• Treat with biosol, give orally
once a day for 5-7 days. Can
also treat with half corid or
Sulmet also, can put Decox in
the mineral
 TETANUS

• Cause: Infection of open wounds by Clostridium tetani

• Symptoms: muscle stiffness causing an unsteady gait,

animal looks anxious, convulsions, death results due to the

animal being unable to breathe
• Treatment: Antibiotics- penicillin and antisera can be

given but response is poor; flush wound with hydrogen

peroxide and treat with penicillin
 PNEUMONIA

• CAUSE: INFECTION OF TE LUNG

• RESPIRATORY PROBLEM
• PREVENTION – DECREASE STRESS BY PROVIDING
DRY, WELL-VENTILATED HOUSING WITH ADEQUATE
SPACE.
• SYMPTOMS – UNTHRIFTINESS, RUNNY NOSE, LOSS
OF APPETITE AND HIGH TEMP.STOPS EATING, HANGS
HEAD, SOUNDS CONGESTED, RAPID OR DIFFICULTY
COUGHING AND BREATHING
 TREATMENT AND CONTROL

• When infectious pneumonia is

suspected, treat sick animals with
antibiotics (oxytetracycline,
trimethoprim sulpha). Broad
spectrum antibiotics are more likely
to be effective than narrow spectrum
antibiotics such as procaine
penicillin.
 FOOT ROT

• Cause: Flusiformis nodosus

infection enters the hoof & causes
inflammation of the sensitive laminae
• Symptoms: mild to severe
lameness, animals are reluctant to
walk; associated with a foul smell
 TREATMENT

• HOOF PARING IN ORDER TO

REMOVE THE UNDERRUN HOOF.

APPLY ANTISEPTICS TO REMOVE

ANY INFECTION.
 JOHNE’S DISEASE

• Cause: Mycobacterium johnei bacterium in

the intestine; causes thickening of the
intestine.
• Symptoms: poor condition, scouring
becomes more frequent with bubbles of gas
in droppings, weakness, & thirst increases
• Treatment: Destroy animal as soon as
possible to prevent spreading.
CASEOUS LYMPHADENITIS (CL)
CAUSE:
BACTERIA ENTERS THE GOAT THROUGH BREAKS
IN SKIN OR MUCUS MEMBRANES AND LOCALIZES
IN LYMPH NODE.
SYMPTOMS:
ABSCESSES OF THE LYMPH
GLANDS.
TREATMENT:
HAVE A VET TEST TO SEE IF THE ABSCESS IS CL.
ISOLATE THE GOAT, LANCE THE ABSCESS AND
REMOVE DISCHARGE, THEN TREAT WITH IODINE
SEVERAL TIMES. DESTROY ALL DISCHARGE.
DERMATOPHILOSIS (STREPTOTHRICOSIS)

• A lumpy wool disease, rain scald, rain rot) This is a

disease of all ruminants caused by the gram-
positive, filamentous bacterium D. congolensi.
• This is an acute, subacute or chronic and
sometimes fatal exudative dermatitis of animals
which is characterised by exudation, matting of the
hair/wool and formation of crusts and thick scabs.
CLINICAL SIGNS
• BUMPS AND SCABS ON ITS FACE,
EARS, AND FEET.
• THE SCABS HAVE A YELLOW OR
BLOODY GOOEY STUFF
UNDERNEATH.
• IN SHEEP, THE BUMPS START ON
THE BACK AND SPREAD TO THE
SIDES AND BELLY.
• THE BUMPS CAN GROW TOGETHER
INTO BIG, WART-LIKE THINGS.
 PINK EYE

• Cause: an infection of the eye caused

by bacteria (Mycoplasma conjunctivae,
Chlamydia organisms, and other
Mycoplasma sp.), targeting the
conjunctiva and cornea and also
spread by flies, dust and long grassa
• Symptoms: watery eye, red and
cornea is cloudy, sensitive to light
 TREATMENT

• Flush eyes with penicillin or

Oxytetracycline for a few days and
also isolate the animal from other
animals. Broad spectrum
antibiotics, sprays and powders. Oxytetracycline

Remove from sunlight and cover

with patch.
 MASTITIS
CAUSE:
INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER;
ASSOCIATED WITH GERMS
SYMPTOMS:
UDDER IS HOT, HARD AND TENDER, LOSS OF
APPETITE, BRUISED LOOKING UDDER
TREATMENT:
ANTIBIOTICS
⚬ CD ANTITOXIN, POLY SERUM,
PENICILLIN, BANAMINE, AND NUFLOR
 BLACKLEG

• Cause: Soil-borne bacterium, Clostridium chauvei. A fatal

bacterial disease of young cattle or sheep of any age.
• Symptoms: This disease occurs rapidly in affected animals
and can cause death before the owner notices any sickness.
May cause high fever, depressed appetite, depression,
lameness, and swelling of the head and in the muscle on
various parts of the body
• Treatment: Treat with penicillin or other antibiotics in large
doses. Have a veterinarian drain the affected area of the swelled
head.
PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS

• Also known as sheep and goat

plague, is a highly contagious
animal disease affecting domestic
and wild small ruminants.
 CLINICAL SIGNS

• Severe depression
• Fever
• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Eye/nose discharge
• Lung problems
• Mouth sores
• Diarrhea
• Miscarriages
• Immunity:
⚬ Recovered animals develop lifelong immunity.
⚬ Babies are protected by their mothers for the
first four months.
 TREATMENT AND CONTROL
• Antibiotics can help with early lung infections.

• Fluids are important for diarrhea.

• Good care can help animals recover.

• Prevent contact between sick and healthy animals.

• Isolate sick animals and disinfect areas

• Vaccination is the most common way to prevent the

disease in areas where it's common.
 GOAT AND SHEEP POX

• Contagious viral skin diseases caused by

the goat and sheep pox viruses of the
genus Capripoxvirus and family
Poxviridae.
• Young or stressed animals are particularly
susceptible. Animals with concurrent
disease are also highly susceptible.
• Treatment: There is no treatment for SGP,
but vaccines are available to control
sheep and goat pox in endemic areas.
 CAPRINE ARTHRITIS-ENCEPHALITIS

• A viral disease of goats.

• known as CAE
• Transmission – ingestion of infected colostrums
and milk.
• Signs – lameness and arthritis, decreased appetite,
paralysis of the hind legs, convulsions, seizure, and
eventually reaching the area of the brain that controls
respiration.
• Treatment: Isolate and remove the goat from the
herd. Treat symptoms but not disease, death is
inevitable.
 CONTAGIOUS PUSTULAR
DERMATITIS (SORE MOUTH)

• Cause: infectious viral disease (affects

animals and humans)
• Symptoms: Pimples around the nose,
mouth, eyes, anus, and hoofs. These turn
to watery blisters then to sticky, encrusted
scabs. The mouth and gums swell. Can
cause death if the animal is unable to eat.
TREATMENT AND CONTROL

• Isolate the goat and use an

antibiotic spray or ointment.

• Vaccination is not recommended.

Use a medication with Cephapirin
Benzathine.
 FOOT AND MOUTH
DISEASE
Viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals
• Symptoms: blisters on the lips, tongue, teats,
or the coronary band of the hoof; can become
lame and have excessive salivation
• Treatment: Prevent this before it occurs;
destroy any animal that is exposed
• Treatment – NONE; Animals exposed to the
disease are destroyed
 BLUE TONGUE

• BlueTongue (BTV) is an insect borne viral disease

of domestic and wild ruminants, especially sheep.

• The name refers to the blue discoloration of the

tongue and mucous membranes, due to cyanosis,
which is sometimes seen in cases of the disease.

• BTV is classified as an OIE list A disease and is

therefore notifiable.
 CLINICAL SIGNS

• Incubation Period: 5-20 days

-fever, depression, salivation

• Facial Swelling, dyspnea, panting, nasal

discharge

• Hyperemia of muzzle, lips, ears.

• Pregnancy: Reabsorption, abortion,

”dummy” lambs.
 COCCIDIOSIS

• Cause: by Coccidia parasite

• Common in kids and lambs.
• Eradication is difficult once the facilities
are infected.
• Signs: Diarrhea,loss of conditions,
general unthriftiness, poor growth,
dehydration, blood in diarrhea, off feed,
rapid weight loss, and fever.
 TREATMENT

• Commercially available type C & D

antitoxins should be given, plus
treatment of acidosis.
 SCOURS
• More common in young kids.
• Cause by coccidia, E. coli, worms, salmonella,
and viruses.
• Signs – anorexia (won’t eat), high temp,
weakness, and watery or pasty feces.
• Prevention – good sanitation.
• Treatment – antibiotics, intestinal astringents
(bolus or fluid to decrease contractions), and fluid
and electrolyte therapy.
TREATMENT AND CONTROL
• Heavy doses of penicillin-streptomycin are effective
if administered in early stages of the disease.
Heavy doses of long acting tetracyclines and a
2.5% chloramphenicol ointment may be applied
topically.
• Control of ticks and biting insects by dipping or
spraying with insecticides may limit transmission of
the disease. Zinc sulphate (0.5 %), copper sulphate
or magnesium flurosilicate (0.2 %) solutions have
been found to be effective in reducing the spread
and incidence of the disease. Wherever possible
injury of the animal's skin should be avoided.
 ACIDOSIS

• Cause: Accidental consumption of large quantities of

concentrate foodstuffs
• Symptoms: depressed, muscle twitching, grinding

of the teeth, hangs its head, bloat, and swelling of the

left flank
• Treatment: Stop access to food, drench goat with

bicarbonate of soda (2-3 oz), walk the goat and

contact veterinarian if needed
 PREGNANCY TOXEMIA

• Also known as pregnancy disease, lambing sickness and twin-

lamb/kid disease.Cause: A metabolic disease in does in late

pregnancy, most of the nutrition is going to the kids. Similar to
Ketosis.
• Symptoms: lethargy, loss of appetite, swelling of feet, laying

around not wanting to get up, sweet-smelling breath

• Treatment: Give propylene glycol twice a day along with

sodium bicarbonate and water twice a day.

 LAMINITIS

• Cause: Caused by consumption of highly concentrated or lush

forage diets; causes inflammation of the skin layers around the

hoof
• Symptoms: lameness, warm feet, stiff gait, prefers to lay down

or stay on knees, bloat, diarrhea, & toxemia

• Treatment: reduced protein/energy diet should be fed & a soft

bed should be provided; pain relief drugs, such as

Phenylbutazone, is essential; hoof trimming may be necessary to
relieve pain
 TREATMENT

• TREATMENT: REDUCED

PROTEIN/ENERGY DIET SHOULD BE

FED & A SOFT BED SHOULD BE

PROVIDED; PAIN RELIEF DRUGS,

SUCH AS PHENYLBUTAZONE, IS

ESSENTIAL; HOOF TRIMMING MAY BE

NECESSARY TO RELIEVE PAIN

 WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE
(WMD)

• Seen in kids less than one week to three

months in age.
• Cause: Deficiency of Vitamin E and Selenium
• Prevention: Supplementation of vitamin E and selenium
in pregnant does.
• Symptoms: Stiffness, weakness, and trembling, unable
to use back legs, can result in death
• Treatment: Injection of selenium and 68 IU of vitamin E.
If the heart has been affected treatment is rarely
successful.
 BLOAT

CAUSE:
GORGING ON ANYTHING UNSUITABLE
(EXAMPLE: WET GRASS PASTURES OR
RAIDING FOOD BIN)
SYMPTOMS:
TIGHTLY INFLATED FLANKS, COLLAPSE,
AND MISERY
TREATMENT:
DRENCH GOAT WITH VEGETABLE OR OTHER OIL (6-8 OZ
FOR ADULTS & 2+ OZ FOR KIDS), WALK GOAT AROUND,
MASSAGE FLANKS. CONTACT VETERINARIAN IF THIS DOES
NOT HELP.
 MYCOTOXICOSIS
CAUSE:
FUNGUS GROWTH IN OLD HAY OR FEED POISONS
THE ANIMAL
SYMPTOMS
DEPRESSION, ANOREXIA, EXCESSIVE SALIVATION,
CONVULSIONS, AND AN ARCHED BACK
TREATMENT:
VARIES WITH THE SOURCE OF THE PROBLEM.
REMOVE BAD FEED AND ADMINISTER ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL TO INHIBIT ADDITIONAL UPTAKE OF
TOXIN FROM THE GUT. MINERAL OIL MAY ALSO BE
HELPFUL.
 MANGE

Sarcoptes spp
• A disease with worldwide distribution
and caused by the most important
species were Sarcoptes spp, Psoroptes
spp and Demodex spp affecting goats
and only Psoroptes spp in sheep.
• Characterized by piercing the skin,
suck lymph and feed on young
epidermal cells. Psoroptes spp Demodex spp
 TREATMENT AND CONTROL
• Sarcoptic mange can be treated using ivermectin (0.2
mg/kg), 0.05% diazinon, 0.1% phoxim and 0.05%
coumaphos. Two applications of phoxim (0.05%) at 10
days interval has been found to be effective against
chorioptic mange and, permethrin (4 % w/v) can be
used as a pour-on formulation. Propetumphos
(0.005%) applied twice or thrice at 10 days interval has
been used to treat psoroptic mange.
• Dipping with other insecticides is useful in the control
of the parasites.
• Hygiene in houses and avoidance of overcrowding will
minimise the accumulation and spread of the mites.
 RINGWORMS
CAUSE:
FUNGAL CONDITION

SYMPTOMS:
GRAY/WHITE CRUSTY APPEARANCE ON SKIN,
THICKENED SKIN AND HAIRS THIN OR ABSENT,
ENLARGEMENT OF AFFECTED AREAS
TREATMENT:
FUNGICIDES USED AS A LIQUID DRESSING. USE ANY
OF THE FOLLOWING:
0.5% LIME SULFUR
1:10 BLEACH
1:300 CAPTAN
1% BETADINE
USE THESE DAILY FOR 5 DAYS AND THEN WEEKLY.
 LUNGWORMS

CAUSE:
• WORMS INHABIT AIR PASSAGE
• SPECIES ARE MAINLY: DICTYOCAULUS FILARIA,
MUELLERIUS CAPILLARIS
PROTOSTRONGLYUS RUFESCENS

SYMPTOMS
: COUGH
CHRONIC

TREATMENT:
DRENCH WITH DEWORMER
 BOTTLE JAW
CAUSE:
BLOOD-SUCKING WORMS
SYMPTOMS:
LOWER FACE AND JAW SWELL AND GUMS
MAY NOT BE NORMAL IN COLOR
TREATMENT:
WORM THE GOAT WITH STRONG MEDICINE
EVERY 11 DAYS, FOR 3 TIMES. MAY ALSO
NEED TO GIVE IRON AND VITAMINS.
 GASTRO-INTESTINAL ROUNDWORMS

CAUSE:
INFESTS STOMACH AND INTESTINES
SYMPTOMS:
DIARRHEA, WEIGHT LOSS, & ANEMIA
TREATMENT:

DRENCH WITH
DEWORMER
 FLEA AND LOUSE INFESTATION

CAUSE:
HEAVY INFESTATION WITH FLEAS AND LICE CAN CAUSE
SEVERE ANAEMIA IN YOUNG ANIMALS IN ADDITION TO
THE DAMAGE OF THE SKINS CAUSING CONSIDERABLE
LOSSES IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY
TREATMENT:
UNTHRIFTINESS, RESTLESSNESS, PRURITUS,ALOPECIA,
BODY WEAKNESS, SCRATCHING, RUBBING AND LICKING.
SYMPTOMS:
HEAVY INFESTATION WITH FLEAS AND LICE CAUSES
ANAEMIA.
 OESTRUS OVIS INFESTATION
CAUSE:
• THE ADULT BOTS DEPOSIT LARVAE AROUND THE NOSTRILS AND THE
LARVAE MIGRATE TO THE FRONTAL SINUSES AND DORSAL TURBINATES.
THE MIGRATING
• LARVAE TRAUMATISE THE NASAL MUCOSA WITH THEIR SPINY SURFACE
INCITING A NASAL CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION.
CLINICAL SIGNS:
INCLUDE SNEEZING, SNORING RESPIRATION AND
MUCOPURULENT NASAL DISCHARGE. THE AFFECTED ANIMALS BECOME
RESTLESS, STAMP THEIR FEET AND SHAKE OR PRESS THEIR HEADS AGAINST
OBJECTS. SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTION MAY CAUSE SUPPURATION AND
COMPLICATE THE CLINICAL PICTURE. AT NECROPSY, THE LARVAE ARE FOUND IN
THE SINUSES
TREATMENT:
IVERMECTIN (0.2 MG/KG), RAFOXANIDE (7.5 MG/KG) AND
NITROXYNIL (7.5 MG/KG) ARE USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF O. OVIS MYIASIS.
• SPRAYING WITH INSECTICIDES CAN REDUCE ACTIVITY OF THE NASAL ADULT
BOTS.
 CONCLUSION
STRICT SANITATION IS NECESSARY TO
PREVENT DISEASES. ALTHOUGH SANITATION
REQUIRES TIME AND MONEY, IT IS TIME AND
MONEY WELL SPENT SINCE PREVENTION OF
THE DISEASES IS MORE ECONOMICAL THAN
TREATMENT. THE HOUSING FOR GOATS PLUS
THEIR FOOD AND WATER MUST BE KEPT
CLEAN AND DRY.
THANK
YOU