Topic: Correlation: Calculation of Pearson’s and Spearman coefficient,
Correlation and its
significance; factors affecting correlation
Delivered By: Dr Meenu Sharma,
Associate Professor
Chitkara School of Psychology and
Counselling
Correlation
Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to
which two variables are linearly related (meaning they
change together at a constant rate).
It's a common tool for describing simple relationships without
making a statement about cause and effect.
Correlation describes the strength of an
association between two variables, and is
completely symmetrical, the correlation
between A and B is the same as the correlation
between B and A.
What is correlation with example?
Correlation - Correlation Coefficient, Types, Formulas &
Example
For example, there exists a correlation between two variables
X and Y, which means the value of one variable is found to
change in one direction, the value of the other variable is
found to change either in the same direction (i.e. positive
change) or in the opposite direction (i.e. negative change).
What are the 4 types of correlation?
Correlation does not imply causation.
Positive Linear Correlation. There is a positive linear
correlation when the variable on the x -axis increases as the
variable on the y -axis increases. ...
Negative Linear Correlation. ... There is a negative
linear correlation when one variable increases as
the other variable decreases.
Non-linear Correlation (known as curvilinear correlation) ...
No Correlation.
What is simple correlation?
• Simple linear correlation is a measure of the degree to
which two variables vary together, or a measure of the
intensity of the association between two variables.
What is zero correlation?
Correlation Coefficients: Positive, Negative, & Zero
A value of zero indicates that there is no relationship
between the two variables. When interpreting correlation,
it's important to remember that just because two variables are
correlated, it does not mean that one causes the other.
Scatter Diagram – Definition
A scatter diagram is used to examine the relationship
between both the axes (X and Y) with one variable. In the
graph, if the variables are correlated, then the point drops
along a curve or line. A scatter diagram or scatter plot gives
an idea of the nature of relationship.
What is the method of correlation?
The Pearson correlation method is the most common method
to use for numerical variables; it assigns a value between − 1
and 1, where 0 is no correlation, 1 is total positive
correlation, and − 1 is total negative correlation.
What is linear and nonlinear correlation?
Linear correlation is defined when the ratio of proportion of
two given variables are same/constant. Example- every time
when the income increases by 20% there is a rise in
expenditure of 5%.
Non-linear correlation is defined as when the ratio of
variations between two given variables changes.
How to calculate correlation?
How Do You Calculate the Correlation Coefficient?
The correlation coefficient is calculated by determining the
covariance of the variables and dividing that number by the
product of those variables' standard deviations.
Why is scatter plot used?
What is a Scatter Plot?
Scatter plots are used to plot data points on a horizontal and a
vertical axis in the attempt to show how much one variable is
affected by another. Each row in the data table is represented
by a marker whose position depends on its values in the
columns set on the X and Y axes.
What is correlation and its significance?
Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent
to which two variables are linearly related (meaning they
change together at a constant rate).
It's a common tool for describing simple relationships
without making a statement about cause and effect.
What is the significance of correlation analysis in research?
Correlation analysis in research is a statistical method used
to measure the strength of the linear relationship between
two variables and compute their association.
correlation analysis calculates the level of change in one
variable due to the change in the other.
Which correlation is most significant?
Correlation coefficients whose magnitude are between 0.9
and 1.0 indicate variables which can be considered very
highly correlated.
Correlation coefficients whose magnitude are between 0.7
and 0.9 indicate variables which can be considered highly
correlated.
What is an example of a significant relationship in research?
For example, we may find that there is a statistically
significant relationship between a citizen's age and
satisfaction with city recreation services.
It may be that older citizens are 5% less satisfied than
younger citizens with city recreation services.
Is correlation a significant relationship?
We conclude that the correlation is statically significant. or in
simple words “ we conclude that there is a linear relationship
between x and y in the population at the α level ” If the P-
value is bigger than the significance level (α =0.05), we fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
How do you measure significant relationships?
Comparing the computed p-value with the pre-chosen
probabilities of 5% and 1% will help you decide whether the
relationship between the two variables is significant or not.
If, say, the p-values you obtained in your computation are
0.5, 0.4, or 0.06, you should accept the null hypothesis.
Pearson's Product - Moment Coefficient of Correlation
The most often used and most precise coefficient of correlation is known as the Pearson's
Product - Moment Coefficient.
It is computed when data are expressed in interval or ratio form and distribution of X and
Y have a linear relationship.
Here linear relationship means, if we draw a line graph by taking X variable on X-axis and Y
variable on Y axis the obtained graph should be straight line.
References
Broota, K. D. (1992). Experimental design in behavioural research. New Delhi: Wiley
Eastern.
Howell, D. C. (2012). Statistical methods for psychology. Cengage Learning.
Minium, E. W., King, B. M., & Bear, G. (1993). Statistical reasoning in psychology and
education. New York: John Wiley.
Mohanty, B. & Misra, S. (2015). Statistics for behavioral and social sciences. New
Delhi: SAGE Publications.
Mangal, S. K., & Mangal, S. (2013). Research methodology in behavioural sciences.
PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
