CEM-371

Project Time
Management
Lecture 5c

Department of Construction Engineering and Managemnet

Military College of Engineering,
1
November 16, 2024 Risalpur - Pakistan
 End-of-Day Convention

 The dates on the activities represent the “end of day”. That’s

why we always start with day 0: end of day 0 = start of day 1

 This concept is not applied in computer programs. In

computer programs start dates (ES, LS) represent the
beginning of the day while finish dates (EF, LF) represent the
end of the day

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 Float Discussion
 Total float –in general- belongs to a path rather than
the activity itself

 If an activity uses “its” float, successors may lose some or

all of “their” float

 Total float is broken down into free float, independent

float, and interfering float.

 Researchers have come up with even more types

 The question is: “who owns the float”?

 Review the contract – what if it is not mentioned?

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The Four Types of Relationships

Activities represented by nodes and links that allow the

use of four relationships:

1) Finish to Start – FS

2) Start to Finish – SF

3) Finish to Finish – FF

4) Start to Start – SS

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Node Format

ES Activity ID EF

Activity Name

LS Duration LF

TF FF

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• Total Float is the amount of time that an
activity can be delayed from its early
start date without delaying the project
finish date.
Total Float = LF - EF (or LS - ES)
• Free Float is the amount of time that an
activity can be delayed without delaying
the early start date of any successor
activity.
Free Float = ES of next activity – EF
For Activity F
Total Float = LF of F – EF of F => 8 – 5 = 3 Free Float = ES of G – EF of F => 5 – 5 = 0

For Activity J
Total Float = LF of J – EF of J => 8 – 3 = 5 Free Float = ES of G – EF of J => 5 – 3 = 2
Example
Activity Duration IPA Lag

A 5 -

B 3 -

C 6 -

D 7 A

E 7 A

B 4

F 4 A,B,C

G 5 E

F 3

H 6 D

G 2

I 3 D,G
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Graphic Solution

A D H
5 7 6
2

PS B 4 E G I PF
3 7 5 3

C F
6 4

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Graphic Solution

0, 5 5, 12 21, 27
A D H
5 7 6
2, 7 14, 21 2 21, 27
0 0, 3 7, 14 14, 19 19, 22 27

PS B 4 E G I PF
3 7 5 3
0 0, 3 7, 14 14, 19 24, 27 27
3
0, 6 6, 10
C F
6 4
1, 7 7, 11

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 Tabular Solution

Activity ES EF LS LF TF FF
A 0 5 2 7 2 0
B 0 3 0 3 0 0
C 0 6 1 7 1 0
D 5 12 14 21 9 7
E 7 14 7 14 0 0
F 6 10 7 11 1 1
G 14 19 14 19 0 0
H 21 27 21 27 0 0
I 19 22 24 27 5 5

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 Constraints and the CPM
 A Constraint is an externally imposed restriction
affecting when an activity can start and/or finished

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 Effect of Imposed Finish Date
 Imposed Finish Date is the project’s completion date,
as specified in the contract or stipulated by the owner
 When compared to the calculated finish date:

 Calculated finish date < imposed finish date

• You are in good shape

• What happens if you enter the imposed date?

 Calculated finish date > imposed finish date

• Negative float appears when you enter the imposed date

• You
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 Examples with Imposed Finish Dates
 Repeat Fol Example with imposed finish
date of 28 days

 Repeat Fol Example with imposed finish

date of 22 days
B E I
6 3 8

L
2
A C F J
5 5 4 2 PF

D G H K
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3 4 7 3
Original Solution

5, 11 1 11, 14 15, 23
B E I
6 3 8
23, 25
5, 11 12, 15 15, 23
L
1 5, 10 5 15, 17 2
0, 5 11, 15 25
23, 25
A C F J
5 5 4 2 PF
0, 5 6, 11 11, 15 20, 22
25

3 5, 8 3 8, 12 3 3
12, 19 19, 22
D G H K
3 4 7 3
8, 11 11, 15 15, 22 22, 25

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Imposed Finish Date > Calculated Finish Date

3 4 3
5, 11 11, 14 15, 23
B E I
6 3 8 3
23, 25
8, 14 15, 18 18, 26
L
3 4 8
0, 5 5, 10
3
11, 15 15, 17
2 25
26, 28
A C F J
5 5 4 2 PF
3, 8 9, 14 14, 18 23, 25
28
6 6 6 6
5, 8 8, 12 12, 19 19, 22
D G H K
3 4 7 3
11, 14 14, 18 18, 25 25, 28

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 Imposed Finish Date < Calculated Finish Date

-3 -2 -3
5, 11 11, 14 15, 23
B E I
6 3 8 -3
23, 25
2, 8 9, 12 12, 20
L
-3
0, 5
-2
5, 10
-3
11, 15
2
15, 17
2 25
20, 22
A C F J
5 5 4 2 PF
-3, 2 3, 8 8, 12 17, 19
22
0 0 0 0
5, 8 8, 12 12, 19 19, 22
D G H K
3 4 7 3
5, 8 8, 12 12, 19 19, 22

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 Negative Float

 Negative float is a situation that occurs when

performing an activity even on its early dates, fails to
meet the project’s imposed finish date or other
constraint

 It may occur in one of two cases:

Before construction starts

During construction (after normal start)

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Uncertainty in Duration Estimates

Uncertainty in scheduling is considered in the

method referred to as the Program Evaluation
Review Technique (PERT)
Uncertainty in Duration Estimates

PERT is based on activity estimates

derived from a “three time estimate”
Optimistic Estimate
Estimate of the most likely duration
Pessimistic Estimate
 Uncertainty in Duration Estimates

Computing the mean estimate of the activity:

Uncertainty in Activity Chain Estimates

Consider a simplified network consisting of one

chain of activities— called the critical path

What is the probability that the critical path

activities will be completed within a specified
time when uncertainty is associated with
each of the activities in the path?
 Uncertainty in Activity Chain Estimates

Information about the activities can be described as:

 PERT Example

Duration
Optimistic Most Pessimistic
Activity Likely
(To) (TP)
(Tm)
A 2 4 7
B 5 8 14
C 4 6 8
D 2 2 2
E 7 10 21
PERT Example: Explanation

We calculate the probability that the

project will finish by or on certain date
PERT focuses on a path and not an
individual activity
 PERT Example: Solution

Duration Expected
Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic Duration
Activity
(To) (Tm) (TP) (Te)

A 2 4 7 4.167
B 5 8 14 8.500
C 4 6 8 6.000
D 2 2 2 2.000
E 7 10 21 11.333
TE = 32
 End Note

If you're 6 months late on a milestone

due next week but nevertheless really
believe you can make it, you're a
project manager.

Don’t stop believing…….. Regardless

of how bad project manger u r.

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 Thank you

November 16, 2024 41