HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH
AND COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING IN
INDIA.
MRS.NEETHU VINCENT
ASST PROFESSOR
KVM COLLEGE OF NURSING
ANCIENT PERIOD
VEDIC PERIOD:
Ayurveda and Siddha Systems of medicine
came into existence which suggested
development of comprehensive concept of
health.
Ayurveda practiced throughout the India but
the Siddha system is practiced in
Tamilnadu.
Atreya (about 800 b.c) is acknowledged as
the first great Indian physician and teacher.
He lived in the ancient university of
Takshashila.
Charaka compiled his famous treatise on
medicine, the “charaka samhita”.
He explained about 500 drugs.
He was a first physician to explain the
concept of digestion, metabolism,
immunity, genetics and drugs.
shusruta
Father of Indian surgery •
Written “shusruta samhita”
Performed so many surgeries in ancient
India eg. Amputation, tumor extraction,
hernia repair and plastic surgery etc.
British physicians learned rhinoplasty from
Indian surgeons.
King Ashoka
King Ashoka and other Buddhist kings
established Ayurveda hospitals and schools
of medicine in India.
King Ashoka patronized Ayurveda as state
medicine.
Medical education
Nalanda university
Takshashila university
MUGHAL PERIOD
Introduced unani system of medicine.
Ayurveda started to decline.
Exchange of thoughts and experience
between the Hindu, Arab, Persians, Greek
and Jewish scholars.
2. PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA
Homeopathy was introduced by Samuel
Hahnemann during 1810- 1839.
India claims to have the largest number of
practitioners of homeopathy medicine in the
world.
MILITARY NURSING •
1664 : east india company started hospital
for soldiers in a house at fort.St. George,
madras
BRITISH PERIOD
The first real development of modern public health in
India took place in 1859 when the administration of
India was taken over from east India company by the
crown.
British soldiers were died because of poor sanitation
conditions.
1859: •A Royal Commission was appointed in India
to investigate the causes of unhealthy conditions
prevailing in British Army stationed in India .
This commission recommended that there was a
need in each presidency to protect the water supply,
construction of drains and prevention of epidemics in
civil population.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Florence nightingale studied the public
health conditions in India and suggested the
preventive measures for it.
She suggested the measures for the welfare
of the army.
She suggested the system of nursing for
hospitals in India.
She motivated to start the nursing training
schools in India
MADRAS 1871:
FIRST NURSING TRAINING SCHOOL STARTED
IN GOVT. GENERAL HOSPITAL, MADRAS.
SEPARATE CLINICAL FACILITIES FOR
WOUNDED SOLDIERS IN ST.GEORGE FORT.
CHRISTIAN MISSION
HOSPITALS
During 1874 – 90the Christian Mission
Hospitals in India started training courses
for nurses.
The Roman Catholic Nuns served as nurses
in many Govt.Hospitals in India as well as in
Hospitals run by religious orders.
SCHOOL OF NURSING
FIRST SCHOOL OF NURSING ESTABLISHED
IN ST.STEPHENS HOSPITAL, NEW DELHI.
1890 – 1900 SO MANY NURSING SCHOOLS
ESTABLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND
MISSION HOSPITALS.
1881 – First Indian Factories Act was passed and First All
India Census was taken.
1885 – Local self Government Act was passed.
1888 – Government directed that local bodies should be
responsible for sanitation.
1930 • At Calcutta ,an All India Institute of Hygiene and
Public Health was established with aid from the
Rockefeller.
1931 • A Maternal Child Welfare Bureau was established
by IRC Society.
1935 • All the health activities in the country were
grouped as under the control of • (a)Central (b)Central
cum provincial (c) Provincial government
1937 – A Central Advisory Board of health was set up
1939 – Madras Public Health Act was passed. – Rural
Health Training Centre at Singur near Calcutta(Rockefeller
Foundation)
1940 – The Drugs Act was passed.
Nursing colleges established in c.m.c Vellore
and RAK college in Delhi to provide degree
in nursing.
1943 – A health survey and development
committee (Bhore Committee) was
appointed under the chairman of sir. Joseph
Bhore
1946 – Bhore Committees report was
submitted.
INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL
INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL IS STARTED TO
SET THE NURSING STANDARD IN INDIA.
POST INDEPENDENDENCE
ERA
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
The national government took up the
responsibility of improving health of people
with the Bhore committee’s report.
Ministry of health was established at
Central and State level
1948:
India joined as a member of WHO.
ESI Act was passed
Environment Hygiene Committee was
published.
1950:
Planning Commission was set up in India.
Central Food Technological Institute was
established.
1951
• First Five Year Plan began.
• BCG Vaccination programme was launched.
• Central Drug Research Institute was opened
at Lucknow.
1952
• Central council of health was statutorily
constituted with Union minister of health as
chairman and health Minister of states as
members.
1953:
Model Public Health Act Committee was
appointed.
National Malaria Control Programme was
initiated.
National Smallpox Eradication Programme
was started.
Family Planning Programme began, Family
Planning Research and
Programme was set up.
1954:
Contributory Health Services Scheme was
initiated in Delhi.
Central Social Welfare board was setup
National water supply and sanitation
scheme was inaugurated.
National Leprosy Control Programme was
started.
VDRL antigen production was setup.
Food Adulteration Act was passed.
1955:
• National Filaria Control Programme was started.
• Central Research Centre and Central Leprosy
Training was established in TN.
• National TB Survey Commenced.
1956
• Second Five Year plan began.
• Central Health education bureau was established.
• Director of Family Planning was established.
• Chemotherapy center started at Madras
1958
• NMCP was changed to NMEP.
1959
• Mudaliar Committee was appointed.
• Rajasthan was first state to introduce Panchayat Raj
• National TB Institute at Bangalore was established.
• 1960
• School Health Committee was formed.
1961
• 3rdFive Year Plan was launched.
1962
• Central Family Planning Institute was established in
New Delhi.
• National Smallpox eradication Programme, National
Goitre Control Programme, National School Health
Programme and district TB control programme was
established.
1963
• Applied Nutrition Programme started.
• NICD established.
• National Trachoma control programme was
started.
1965
• IUCD was introduced
• Direct BCG vaccination programme without
tuberculin tests was introduced.
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN
COMMUNITY HEALTH
EMPERICAL ERA (1800-1850)SYMPTOM ORIENTED
ERA
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH
BASIC SCIENCE ERA (1850-1900)BACTERIAL
ORIENTED ERA /DISEASE ERA
CLINICAL SCIENCE ERA (1900-1950) INDIVIDUAL
ORIENTED APPROACH
PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE ERA (1950-1975)
COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH
POLITICAL HEALTH SCIENCE ERA (1975-2000AD)
PEOPLE CENTERED APPROACH
Empirical health era (1800-
1850 )
During this period diagnosis was made on
empirical basis and also the given
treatment was according to symptoms. So
this era was called symptom oriented era.
The health education was provided by
lectures on authoritarian instruction
Basic Science Era (1850-
1900)
This period witnessed the invention of
microscope, thermometer, BP apparatus
and other tools for detection and
measurement of diseases. Laboratory
investigations were carried out to make This
period was called as bacteria- oriented or
disease oriented era
Clinical Science Era(1950-
1975):
This is an era which witnessed the individual
centered or patient centered approach for
taking care of the health and illness of the
people. Clinical instructions and bed side
teaching started in the field of medical
education . The development of clinical
techniques was initiated in medical science
and technology.
Public Health Science Era
(1950-1975)
In this period prevention oriented approach
started. It was initiated by our ancient Indians
at the time of Indus Valley Civilization.
it is being called era of Community centered
approach, in which diagnosis and treatment at
community level emerged, clinical public
health instructions, community- side teachings
were included in the field of medical education.
Integration of social sciences, and public health
sciences in this era took place.
Political Health Science Era
(1975-2000 AD)
In this period the involvement of the
community leaders and members of the
community in planning and implementation of
the health programmes was practiced at this
stage.
The national level health planning was
established by political authorities of particular
country by involving national and international
health agencies to provide health for all.
The people-centered approach has been
emphasized in this era.
O U
Y
N K
H A
T
