luddisso

• Morpholooji yaanam afti cubbussok garab

exxay qangor xiso kee siirat cubbusa.
• Is qangor adda rikkisso kee morfiim deqsitta
qunxa maqnisso le exxaaxik mannal xissiimam
wagitta.
 Qangor fantaaxawa
• Qangor fanat yan angaaraw cedoonuh, afti addat tan
fantaaxawitteh addat nagay culaanam faxximta.
• Qangor baxsimte xagaritte hinna; Wohuk muxxi,
angaarawah maqna kee ceelo tacee baxaabaxsale
fantaaxawitte luk ittat axawah yanin.
• Ta fantaaxaw mango qaynatal kurruntam duddaah,
kulli tiya afat elle radnaah, afat edde nantifiqe gita
weeloysoonuh lafale doori digirta.
1. Qangor angaarawak rakiibook taniimik tiyak teyni, namma
hinnay wohuuk daga takke qangor itta celta maqna leemi.
• Sitta ceela qangor afti addat sissin qaynatih sissinaane kee
baxsa taceeh, yaabe maraa kee kutbe abeynit inki qaynatih
addatino le qangara doorittam xiqsissa.
• Homophone kee heterophony deqsitaanah inki anay luk sissin
afeyta le yab kee sissin anay luk inki afeyta le yaabah yanin.
• Homophone ceelalloh, "rufto(abto m.)" kee "ruftó(abeynit
m.)" sitta ceela qangor tascasse, takkay immay xongoloo kee
cayli baxsitte lon.
• Heterophony ceelalloh bagcarra (gahri), madduuru (qidaddo)
2. Gersi katuk, antonymy maqnisso saduh tan
qangor addat le, axcih “niqnaa" kee “xamca"
hinnay “nabnaa" kee “qunxiina".
• Saduh yan qangor qeedaalisso hadlaanam kee
afti addat tan ximmoomah angaaraw
xisaanamaay, baxxaqsa gaddalisaanam kee
qado angaaraw akah aban innah cato abta.
3. Qangor kalah hyponymy kee hypernymy lih
angaaraw le, toh kaadu mango amolladii kee baxsale
qangooruk fanat yan angaaraw wagsiisak.
• Ceelalloh, “caxaaxuwa" yaanam haypernym kinnih
tanim kee "abbili", "banaana" kee “burtukaan"
celta haypernymitte addat le.
• Ta angaaraw cedaanam afti addal tan abstraction/
tatur caddooda elle geysiisan innaa kee
• fidin mabla kee ken baxsale ceelalloh fanat
angaaraw abaanam xiqsissa.
• Ta afeytisso fantaaxawittet ossotinah, qangor
morfoloojih gexsititte axcih ugutma kee kobxisiyyat
axawah gactam duddah.
• Derivation yaanam qusba qangor bicsaanam affixes
ossimak, axcih “rufto" “ruffa, ruftoli" fanah
korsaanam, tonnah kaadu
• inflection qangara grammar ludda axcih wargu,
ixxima, hinnay nado wagsiisak maqnisso abta.
• Ta gexsititte afti morfoloojih gaddaliinooh doori
digirtaah, centibbaarule qangor fantaaxaw gintam
xiqtah.
• Ta qangor angaarawak iroh, qangor kaadu
maqna tatrusoonuh maxcâ maafoh addat tan
qangor massos xiinisaanam xiinissoh sintaksi
gitaak axawah tan.
• Qangor fanat yan syntactic fantaaxaw
cedaanam, ittat axawah tan maqna leh yan
maxcooca xisoonuh, tonnah kaadu gersi marih
yabti maqna elle tamixxigeh tan innal
maqnisoonuh kaxxa tuxxiq le.
 Luddisso

1. Qangara
● Qangara baxxaqsaanam mango qaynatih
qangor yaniimiik ugutak sahlin abto hinna.
●Word tokens Qangara kak xissinta xongoloolah
loowo(= bedu/asta: haada, haada itta celta
xongoloh astak xissinta).
●Qangarah Qaynoota sisin qangoorih ixxuu kee ixxima(=
yabti exxa) haad, haadeh, haade, inki yabti exxat raqta
(Abna).
●Maysaqarrah tiyantu/qangara (maysaqarrat elle culta
inna) ‘haada’ baxaabaxsah culta
(haada (Migaq, M)) kee (haada (Abna, A)):
haada M: namma galih haaddah tan casharaat kee aluwwa.
Haada A: hawal aw gayyal takke gexoy galit cattiimak
abaana.
Yabti cugdal: sissikaane awlissa
● xisoyti Qangara (sissin eltoota yakke caaloota le
qangooru) takkay ikkah woo namma maysaqarra
tiyantittek haada M kee haada A sissin qangara
xisoytittele. Alluwwa tiinol haadaytu takkeeh, mangal
haada takke. Abnal haada, haade, haadeh, haad, ww. Tan
xissentitte xala.
Qangara maxcammafoh firtih addal leh tan tuxxiiqil
qekitak sissin doori le too doori (=yabti exxaaxi) deqsita.
● xongolta qangara (qangarak sissin weelo). Manga welut
tan haada yangayyi teetil katayek haadah takkeeh
mayangayyi teetil katayek haadâ takke.
2. Digloyta aw morfiim
● morfiim Afti xisnek inkih qunxa maasayya.
digloytak nabna sissiniih, kaa baxissuh bedu koh
takkeemit xexxaarak lem kee qaraamok tu maculta.
Lafale xiqsissoy digloyta kaa abta ossotina xisneh
exxaaxil kurruumewaama.
●ciggilta maxca maafo 12 digoytak xissinta:
1- Baaxo igimi baaxot yaaqiteeh, baaxo abaara.
2- Cubbusewaynanleela inta qangara dagnal 6
digloyta aw morfiim le: cubbus-e-way-nan-lee-la.
 Osaasi kee digloyti fanih baxsa
Osaasi/kafa digloyta
1. Is exxah/elaytoh caddol raqta (cel. - e). 1. Is exxah aw eltoh caddol maraqta (cel.
2. Osaasi/kafa digloyti aniina elle nable Yen wargu). is tiyanti caddibnal raqta.
hunun welu : 2. Digloyta yaanam osak aw kafak qellut
gexe= gex + e tan liyyitte:
cabe = cab + e gexe = gex + yen wargih mascassa
cabe = cab + = = =
3. Allomorph
● Allomorph yaanama digloytak doorit osaasi.
Allomorph sissin xongolo le ikkah digloytak afeyta
mamilagta. Mago uddur digloyti lamay osaasi luk masuga.
Cel. qid+-ò, qid+-è inkih qidah yan num awlissa aw
tascasse digloytitte. –è kee –ò xongolo baxsintaamah,
edde osso qarit culussa afeytal itta ceelan.
● Morphophonology (morphonology) osaasik sissin
kaalayta kusaaqisaanama. Cel. ma-+axco =
maxco( axcewayiyya), maxca+o=maxco(axciyya)
(i) Phonological conditioning:
osaasi edde osseh tan duyyel/k xongolo korissa waqdi cel. –
m- adlumiyya => a+-m-+dullumiyya => andullumiyya
Amtaabbiyya => antaabbiyya
Tah kee kalah kaadu osse kafaa kee suge yangiyyi inki anay
tellek, cel. Daro macaabeeh => daro+-o = daro
Ta maxca maafoh addal ragidit firta le qangara namma
digloyta le
(ii) Lexical conditioning:
Qangooruk gaala laa foodu, innah yan
qangoorut taqabi yan. a problem. Ibitte, bexxitte
gurrah manga tascassem yakken way manga
tayballe beditte ken addat inki gurral
matambullaa. Ta qangor temeexege siiratay
kataya aallewaawaamih sabbatah ummaanih tiya
rikeh keenik bartaanam faxinta. Takkay ikkah
xisne makeeloh caddibnal itte beete qangoorut
massah orban. Toh akah kinnim kaadu maxca
maafoh addal inki lofti loonumu.
 digloyta
4. Currik yan digloytaa kee yonxowwe digloyta
a) Currik yan digloyta is dudda maqna acayuk
dubuk soolam xiqa, e.g.:
fak, titi, qari, ww. Oson namma luddal kurruuman:
(i) Qangara digloyta tah (migaaqaay, weelooy,
abnaa, kee abnigurra) (= yabti exxaaxik lafi meela:
tabisnam fanxa “farmo quukaah,” addat le
qangooru, e.g., numu, barittoh-buxa, meqe, nagay,
ww.).
(ii) Cadar digloyta maxca maafoh addat cadar kee
xisne doori le qangooru axcih (yascassi yasgalli, :
kee, tekkek, aw, kaadu, tohih sabbatah, amakkaquk,
ww.), tayballayok (tah, toh, wohum, woh, ta, too, a,
woo) yabti exxaaxik cati meelat raqta.
b) Marroowe digloyta duddale maqna luk dubuk
soolam duude waay immay edde marroowaah osah
yan digloytitte faxa, cel.: ma-, - yta, - o, ww. Oson
namma luddal kurruuman:
(i) Afkan digloyta qusba qangara hadle sinni
digloytitte, cel., - h (axmaqtini warguh), -
itte, -wa (manga), - iyya, - h (maalloh),
(ii) Afeyti digloyta qusba qangara hadloonuh
yanfaqe digloyta, cel., rad+ o= rado, diglo+
yta= digloyta, arka+ mali= arkamali, ww.
5. Buxuxu yaanam Afkan digloyta akak kalan
way raqta qangara:
(i) qanditte = qandi (buxuxu) + -itte (Afkan
digloyta)
(ii) milaaguleynah = milaaguleyna (buxuxu) + -
h (mallaanoh asta)
Uxxossa haynawak buxux afkan digloytat
xoqysimak mamakelsima.
6. ramid: yaanam qangarak (Afkan kee Afeyti
digloyta) inkih katta inta way raqta exxa:
(i) milaaguleynah = milaagu (ramid) + -le, + -
eyna (Afeyta) + -h (Afkana)
Uxuxxossa hayna waqdi qangarak qari afkan kee
afeytat mamakelsima
7. Qari: yaanam faxe weluy faxe qaynatih osa
aw kafa edde ossah iyya: s any form to which an
affix of any kind has been added:
(i) Qaffaarinnoosiyya= Qafaarinnoosu
(qari)= /Qafaarinnoosu = Qafaarinnos (qari)
/Qafaarinnos = Qafara (qari)
(ii) Aynabentitte= Aynabenta (qari)/ Aynabenta
= eyneb(qari)
 Afeytaa kee Afkan digloytih baxsa
N Afeyti digloyta Afkan digloyta
o
1. Qusba qangara hadloonuh tanfaqe Qusba qangara hadloonuh
luddisso wale. Cel. Taama(M.) → mayanfaqa : digiri(M.)→ digir+-
Taamit(A.) itte(M.)
2. Yabti milaagah: xal(v.) + iitu= xaliitu(m.) Yabti exxa milaagiiy/milaagewayi:
danana(M.) + - oona = danoona(M.)
3. Qangarat alif mahaan, Toh yaanam, Qangarat alif haan: naba (w.) + - h=
tiyaak amo takke digloytitte ossitam xiqa: nabah(w.).
Ab(A.) + sis= Absis(A.) + enta=
Absiisenta(M.) + iinu= Absiisentiinu(M.).
4. Loowo waado kaak mali: wadirit kafak(- Lowoo akak tamixxigeh 15 yakken,
enta, -eyta, -e, ,-o …..); foocat kafak toh taanam., yascassi fereeyiiy (-k,-l,-
(ma-, ma-…..-in, ….). t,-h, mallaanoh –h, asmatle wargih –
h, gexot yan yanrgih –iyya, yen
warguk –-e, yanuwaa warguk –eyyo, -
le, qalalisiyyi –h, fanat kafak qagu–
cel. Taba-bba-na, digi+-ggi-ri),
madabiino manga –wa, -itte, -oowa/u.
5. Qangarak foocaay, wadir, kee foocaa Ellecaboo kee fanat yamaaten:
kee wadirit inkih yamaateenih. : ma+ Arda+ h= Ardah
aqub= Maqub, mud+-eena = afeq+ iyya= afqiyya
Mudeena. M-abit-in
6. Umman yabti exxah taabuke ramid Ramid qangara faxe yabti xxah
qangarat moosay temeexege yabti tabukeemih teetit osam xiqah:
exxaaxit osa:
8. kafa
Kafa yaanam marroowe digloytay qangarah qarik afaay,
fan, kee wadirit kafa.
(i) Foocat kafa yaanam marroowe digloytay qangarah
qarik foocat yamaate. Cel. Maquru, maxala, maquba,
(ii) Fanat kafa yaanama marroowe digloytittey qangarak
addat culta. Cel igiggil: kuuta
(iii) Wadirit kafa yaanam qangarah qarik elle cabot aw
wadirit kafta marroowe digoytitte. Baris-eyna, arka-mali,
huusa-li, wad-e, cin-a, gex-o, gexx-aasit
9. inki-anayli yascassem namma digloytay inki
xongolo leeh, sissinim tuxxiq le. Cel. –h wargul
asmatiinooy, migaaqal yascassii kee mallaano, -
a, abnal mangah yamcawwe amriiy, migaaqal
abeynit migaaqa. Casna+-h caala, (mallaano)
casna+-h beya(yascassi) casna gexxe+-
h(asmatiino)
• wad+-a sehda leek wada(mangah amri)
• oson sehda leek wada(abeynit migaaqa)
10. Qangara hadliyyih gexsiti
1- likaaci yaanam gersi afittek qangor
beyaanama. Qafaraf kalahbtan afittek mango
qangor bee. Cel. Qerefti Qarab afak, madab
Amcari afak, leemat, masrafa, Giiz afak sabri,
ww. Qangor Qarab afak bee.
Qangor afti addal elle hadlima innak tiyak teyni
likaaci.
2. Xakbisiyya rascassem sehdaa kee baaxo
migaaqal rakuh gacak qusba qangor
hadlaaanama. Tagorriita tagorril bicte gilek
iyyaanamaay, booriita boori saxxaqak
iyyaanama.
● Some eponyms are technical terms, based on
the names of those who first discovered or
invented things, such as fahrenheit (from the
German, Gabriel Fahrenheit), volt (from the
Italian, Alessandro Volta) and watt (from the
Scottish inventor, James Watt).
3- Asgalliyyi yascassem sissin namma
qangarak qusba qangara hadlaanama.
Ceelalloh fanti-axawa, qasbot-ayni, ww.
taniimi.
4- kurak gaadisiyya naharsi qangarak
qimboh exxaa kee katayte qangarak elle
caboh exxa asgalluk qusba qangara
hadlaanama. Cel.: smok + fog = smog, motor +
hotel = motel, television + broadcast = telecast.
4- cibiyya qangara qaraamok garage cabak
qimboh qaraamol gacsak qusba qangara
hadlaanama cel.: gasoline → gas, advertisement
→ ad, professor → prof, laboratory → lab.

5- Wadirih gacsiyya: migaq qangarak

tucabak axcih dago xongoloola teetik cabak
abna fanah aydaaruk qusba hadlaanama:
bacuurus → Bacuurusè, qaaqis-->qaaqisè.
6- korsa qanagara akahbtan innal anuk yabti
exxa teetik korsaanama. 'exxa korsa aw
milaagu', aw 'tuxxiq korsa': innam xiqnah.
a- (M.) → (A.):
- A qari wasaka.
- a qari qeeri.
 b- (w.) → (A):
cusen taama sissikih
c- (A.) → (m.):
- ardiyyi qax teetik meqe
d- (w.) → (m.):
- walqinim afal ruuba iyyen.
 7. Acronyms(uxxoosu) qangor koboxuk kulli
qangarak qimbô xongolo beyak qangara
ginaanama (lafnabi warat gaca): UNCF (United
Nations Children's Fund), NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization).
8. Ayyaaqiyya iyyaanam qangarat osaasi osisak
qusba qangara hadlaanama.
• Kafa
I. Foocat kafa cel. maqub
II. Wadirit kafa cel. mudeena
(iii) infixes (rare in English: geese -ee- plural of
the word goose, the p.p. got of the verb (get).
• Morfolooji kaaduk morfoloojikaal taypoloojih
cubbussot axawah taniimih taagah afitte ken
morfoloojih weelol rakitak kurta.
• agglutinative (mango luudisso keenik fanat qado
cuduud le),
• fusional (luudisso maqnisso mango yabti rakiiboh
ludditte inkitti addat awlisaanam duudumtah),
hinnay
• polysynthetic (mango morfim inki qangarah addat
culsaanam ).
 Luudissok hadafa
• Morfolooji akak iyyaanam qangor xiso kee xiso
kusaaqissa. tah lafa le garab ludda afti
cubbusso, kee tet hadaf mango foocal kee
baxxo le.
• Morfoloojih cubbussoh hadaf qangooruk addâ
xisneey, mannal xissimtam kee maqna elle
tatrussan inna cedaanama.
• Ta kutbeytal, nanu morfoloojih hadafitte addat
cubbusennooh, ta exxa af cedoonuh macah
faxximtam cubbusenno.
1. Qangor xisot radaanama
• Morfoloojih naharsi hadafittek tiyak teyni qangor
mannal xissiimam cedaanama.
• Tah edde anuk, qangooruk addâ xiso, axcih,
yascassiiy, ixxigaa kee ramiidaa kee, qusba qangor
gintuh mannal ittat gactaamih fokkaaqo edde anuk.
• Qangor bicih gexsit cedak afti mixigwa af miraacissah
tan madqooqii kee qaynoota cedaanam duudaanah.
2. Morfoloojih gexsititte makeelisaanama
• Morfolooji baxaabaxsa le gexsititte qangor elle xissiimaah,
elle yaysiisen innal makeelissam faxxa.
• Tah addat, axcih affixation (naharsi qangor hinnay kaadu
raqta qangor ossaanam), compounding (namma qangor
hinnay wohuk daga takke qangor ittat xakbisan), kee
• derivation (qangarah addat tan qangooruk qusba qangor
ginaanam) edde tan.
• Ta gexsoosa fokkaaqak, afti mixigwa baxaabaxsale afittet
tan qangor xisneh rakiibô radmooma yayyaaqeenim
duudaanah.
• 3. Morfoloojih qaynat gorrisaanama
• gersi hadaf morfoloojih fokkaaqo morfoloojih
taypoloojih, toh yaanam ken morfoloojih ceelol rakitak
afitte kurruumtaama.
• Tah addat, Laatin af kee Ruusiyah af, aggulinaatiive addat
tan afittet loowoleey, axcih, Chaynah af kee Veetnam af,
fusional afitteh addat tan afitteh loowoleh innah tanim
addat le.
• Afitte morfoloojih weelol rakitak kurruumak, afti
mixigitte afti seeratittek mangaa kee centibbaaru
wagittaamal addah tan cedu geyaanam duudaanah.
 4. Maqnisso fantaaxaw kusaaqisaanama

• Morfoloojih hadaf kaaduk qangor kee ken

morfoloojih exxaaxih fanat yan semantik angaaraw
kusaaqisaanama.
• Affixes kee roots qangor maqnisso elle tatrusan inna
elle kusaaqisan innal,
• afti mixigitte morfoloojih xisneh addat semantik
oytitte elle tatrusan innal sissin gititteh addat
geytimta.
• Taham qangor ittat mannal axaw lem kee maqnisso
afti addat mannal xissimtam ifu taceem duddah.
5. Afti milaaguu kee korraq cedaanama.
• Morfoloojih kusaq afitte waktit mannal milaagimtam
kee dadaltaamih caddole cedu taceem duddah.
• Qangor weeloola kee xisneh addat aydaadi milaagitte
fokkaaqak,
• afti mixigitte afti dadal gorrisaanam kee morfoloojih
lowsis qaynoota geyaanam duudaanah.
• Taham afitte qaadaa kee ayyuntiinô milaagitteeta
mannal gexxam cednuh kee afti qusbaamih hadal
gexsissa caylittel ifu taceem cednuh nee cattam
duddah.
6. Afti geyto kee gexsis yaysixxigeenimi
• Morfolooji afti geyto kee gexsitil kaxxa doori digirta.
• Qangor morfoloojih rikkisso cedak, kusaaqiseenit
urri af mannal bartaamaah,
• kaxxa mari centebbarin qangor mannal gexsiisaah
yanim, cedaanam duudaanah.
• Ta ixxiga barittô qaynoota kee afti gabah agle
yaysixxigeenim,
• baxaabaxsale ummattah addal feerayso-wag kee afti
dadal yaysiisoonuh cato takkem bictah.
Mamarraqa

Gadda geya
Bicissem: Dr Mohamed Hassan Kamil

Qafar afih afti-misso (Afar Linguistic)

Barseeni: Qaliyyu
Qabdalla
 Qasir ikraaro

1. Migaq luddisso (afâ luddisso, addâ luddisso)

2. Abina (wakti, gurra, abeyni ascassenta, ixxi
ascassenta, luddisso);
3. Wadirit-kafa, abni-gurra, migaq-abni gurra;
4. Maxco (sahlin maxco, cemerraaki maxco, yasgalli
fan-gexisso);
5. Anxac (kilbatti anxac, gabbi anxac)
 Migaq luddisso

Luddisso kak iyyaanam:

 Migaaqat, hinnay abinat digloyti (morphem)
ossimak qusba qangara (abina, migaq) abta
aabukiyya.
Migaq luddisso kak iyyaanam
Abinak, hinnay migaaqak aki migaq aba aabukiyya.
 Migaq abinak yaabuke waqdi « afâ luddisso » (external
derivation) iyyan,
 Migaq migaaqak yaabuke waqdi « addâ luddisso »
(internal derivation) iyyan.
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 Afâ luddissoh digloytitte (morphems)
Tama digloytitte abinak wadirit, hinnay foocat gacak
migaq taysubuke.
 Kulli digloyti isi maqna le.
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 -o
-o kulli waqdi 1tô hortih abinittet gaca. Usuk
yuysubuke migaq sayiih, abto yascasse.
cat > cato
rad > rado
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 -so
-so kulli waqdi 1tô hortih abinittet gacta. Ama digloyti
yuysubuke migaq sayiih, abto yascasse.
tamsiis > tamsisso
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 -enta/-entá
-enta/-entá 2tô hortih abinittet inkih gaca. -enta edde
gacta migaq labih. -entá edde gacta migaq sayih.
awqiyya > awqenta
aynabé > Aynabentá (microscope)

-enta/-entá luddisse migaq abtô xalu yascasse.

 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 -i
-i 2tô hortih abinittek yan wargul kemsime abinat
gacta. A’nnal yooboke migaq abtoh abeyna yascasse.
ayfoofiyya > yayfoofi
ayfoofiyya > tayfoofi
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 m-
-m 2tô hortih abinittek amri foocat gacta. Migaq labih.
aqub (amri) > maqub
aqur (amri) > maqur
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 m-…-a
m- 1tô hortih abinittek foocat gactaah, -a wadirit
gacta. Migaq sayih.
amaatiyya > mam-aata
Abinak qembô yangayyii kee gudê yangayyi baxsa
teellek qembô yangayyih xongolo baaha. A’nnal
yooboke migaq sayih.
asguudiyya > masgaada
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 m-…-a
Ta digloytitte Qarab afak tabte abnitte luddisah
kaadu.
aqsikiyya > maqsaga
aqsuré > maqsara
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 =aane
A digloyti caalat abinitte (3toh abina) luddisa. Usuk
luddisa migaq tuk teynâ mexxat, hinnay ceelay
yascasse.
qusba > qusbaane
kinni > kinnaane
meqe> maqaane
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
 -eyna/-eyná, =eena/-eená
-eyna/-eyná (Gab.), =eena/-eená (Kilb.) 1toh abinitte
luddisa. Usuk luddisa migaq abeyna (tu abtah taniimi,
mansafa (tu edde abaanam) yascasse.
barsiyya > barseyna, barseyná (Gab.), barseena,
barseená (Kilb.)
mudiyya > mudeyna (Gab.), mudeena (Kilb.)
 Migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
A gubal yan luc -eyna/-eyná, =eena/-eená weluu kee
maqnal xayyoysa:
Welu Maqna

Buxux Labi Sayi

Gab. -eyna -eyná Abeyni migaq, mansaf
migaaqa
Kilb. Abina -eena -eená
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Afâ luddisso
Welitte Buxuuxa Maqna
-o
abina (I)
-so Abtô migaaqa
-enta/-entá abina (I/II)
-i abina (II) Abeyni migaaqa, mansafa
migaaqa
Afâ luddisso

-E abina (I/II)
m- abina (II)
m-+-a abina (II) Abtô miggaqa

-aane Weelo Ceelay, mexxat

-eyna/-eyná
(-eena/-eená) Abeyni migaaqa, mansafa
abina (I/II)
migaaqa
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
Addâ luddisso kak iyyaanam migaaqak aki migaq
yaabukeemi.
Addâ luddissoh digloytitte (morphems)
Tama digloytitte migaaqak wadirit gacak aki migaq
taysubuke.
 Kulli digloyti isi maqna le.
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 -oyso
A digloyti abtô migaq luddisa. Usuk edde kafa migaq
gudet xer yangayyi aalle week ellecabô mayangayyi
nammiinitaah, luddisa migaq sayih.
waado > waadoyso
bisu > bissoyso
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 -iinu / -iino
A digloyti qellittaamih migaq luddisa. -iinu luddisa
migaq labiih, -iino edde gacta migaq sayih. Ama
migaq :
 caalat yascasse
naqoosa > Naqoos-innu
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Gexsit yascasse
bexxa > bexxiinu, bexxiino
 Ceelay yascasse
labha > labhiinu, labhiino
 Seehadâ fanih qilaagat yascasse
tooboko > toobokiinu, toobokiino
kataysa > kataysiinu, kataysiino
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
-eyna, eena /-eyná, eená
A digloyti migaq abinak luddisaah, migaaqak luddisah.
-eyna luddisa migaq labiih, -eyná edde gacta migaq
sayih. Ama migaq :
 Mexxat yascasse
cillaale > cillaaleyna (Gab.), cillaaleena (Kilb.)
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Caalat yascasse
caalat > caalateyná (Gab.), caalateená (Kilb.)

 Caalat yascasse
bissoyso > bissoyseyna (Gab.), bissoyseena (Kilb.)
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
A luc -eyna, eena /-eyná, eená migaq elle
luddisa’nnaa kee yacee maqna uxxussa.
Welu MAQNA
Buxux Labi Sayi
Gab. -eyna -eyná Mexxat, caalat, aalat migaaqa
Migaq
Kilb. -eena -eená
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 -li, -lu, -le
Ta digloytitte baaxô migaq kee num,
hinnay tu leh tan mexxat tascasse
migooqa luddissa.
 Baaxô migooga
Baaxô migaq yascassem :
- labim tekkek, -lu edde gacta
qadaylu (edde yaabaanam qeela).
- sayim tekkek, -le edde gacta
inkaqle (edde yaabaanam garbo).
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Mexxoota
Mexxat kak yascasseenim:
- lab numih migaq tekkek, -le edde
gacta
aytile (ayti naba lab num).
- say numih migaq tekkek, -li edde
gacta
hoodali (hooda (escort)lakal kak
gexxa say numu ).
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Mexxoota
Mexxat kak yascasseenim:
- lab yangalen migaq tekkek, -li edde
gacta
aytili (yabbixen arac le figgaana).
cabuli (lab numuy cabu le)
- say yangalen migaq tekkek, -le
edde gacta
qellatle (say numuy qellat le).
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Mexxoota
A luc -li, -lu, -le migaq elle luddisa’nnaa kee
yacee maqna uxxussa.
welitte maqnooni
Buxux labi sayi
Baaxô migaaqa
-lu -le

migaq -le -li mexxat (caglan migaq,

bagulle/sali migaq)
=li =le mexxat (yangalen migaq)
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 -ytu (-yto) et kay sissinoytitte -yta (-ytá), -
tu (-to), -ta (-tá)
-ytu (-yto say migaaqat gacta) ellecabô
yangayyi kak kinni migaaqat gacaah, -yta
(-ytá) à ellecabô yangayyi kak e, i, hinnay o
kinni migaaqat gaca.
Tama digloytitte migaaqah maggo
maqnooni tacee.
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Edde yaabaanam kak tan baaxoh mascassa

-yta (-ytá) ellecabot -i le migaaqat gacta waqdi

i+y = ii takke.
Tagorri > tagorriitá (say migaq)
(baaxô migaq) Tagorri kak iyyan magaalal bicisan gile
Boori > Booriita (lab migaq)
(baaxô migaq) Boori rakaakayal aban saxxaqa
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Edde yaaban num, hinnay lac kak rade
eledih mascassa

Nasro > Nasroyta (Nasrô baxa)

Qakkali > Qakkaliita (Qakkali kak iyyan alah baxa)
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
 Mihrat kee seehadâ fanih qelaagatih mascassa
sibaaba > sibaabaytu, sibaabayto
naqabu > naqaboyta, naqaboytá
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
Rammissenta
Digloytitte -ytu (-yto) kee kay sissinoytitte -yta (-
ytá), -tu (-to), -ta (-tá) migaaqat gacak
rammissentah keemat tacee.
- « Rammissenta » kak iyyaanam -ytu (-yto)
migaaqat gacta waqdi woo migaq yascasse
maqna. Usun edde gacan migaaqak nado
dibuk rammisenti baaxô migaq yascasse
waqdi korta.
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso

Axcih, rammissenti 4 maqna yacee:

 Qunxaane
guruf (L) > gurufta (L)

koomá (S) > koomaytu (M)

 Nagay xissiime wayteemi
uguc (L) > ugucta (L)
qari (L) > qaroyta (L)
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso

Axcih, rammissenti 4 maqna yacee:

 Qunxaane
guruf (L) > gurufta (L)

kooma (F) > koomaytu (L)

 Nagay xissiime wayteemi
uguc (L) > ugucta (L)
qari (L) qaroyta
>
 Itoh exxa: migaq luddisso

Addâ luddisso
A luc ytu (-yto) kee kay sissinoytitte -yta (-ytá), -tu (-to), -ta
(-tá) edde gaca migaaqaay, migaaqah yaceeh yan maqna
yascasse:
Digloytitte Maqnooni
Migaaqak Labi Sayi
ellecabô xisne
-Ma =ytu =yto Baaxoh otoyno
-Mo, -Me, -Mi =yta =ytá (orgine), raddi,
-Mu =oyta =oytá mihrat, rammissenta
(dimunitif)
-iM, aM =tu =to
uM, oM, eC =ta =tá
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 Sahalin luddisso
« Sahalin luddisso » kak iyyaanam abini dibuk inki
digloytat aba luddisimiyya.
Digloytitte Maqnooni
/m/ takke xongolo
/oow/
/a/ milagsimenta
/s/ Isih-xeefit, absiisenta
/y/ absiisenta
/t/ Isih-xeefit
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /m/
/m/ abinak naharsi mayangayyit naharat gactaah,
(-m-), ellecabô mayangayyit ellecabot gactaah,
-(i)im- takke.
 -m- 2toh abinat gacta.
adlumiyya  /a-m-dullumiyya /  [andullumiyya]
aftuciyya /a-m-futtuciyya/  [anfuttuciyya]
akkuqiyya  amukkuqiyya

-m- edde gacta abinak gude mayangayyi nammiiniah.

 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /m/
 -im- 1toh abinat gacta.
seeciyya  seecimiyya
Xaqxaqiyya  daqdaqimiyya

 -iim- 1toh abinak 2 maasayya yakke abinat

gacta.
abiyya  abbiimiyya
casiyya  cassiimiyya
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /m/ (-m-, -im-, iim-) takke xongoloh

maqna yacee. Abini taba abinak
sugek tabe waa abina yakke.
Num rakub bixaaxe
rakúb bixaaxime
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /oowe/
/oowe/ abto kee abeyni migaaqaay, weeloy bisu
tascassee kee ellecabot weeloy -ni le luddissa.
Ellecaboh –e akak qidnek 1tô horah korissah. Usuk
edde gaca abinak ellecabô mayangayyi
nammiinitah.

qado  Qaddoowe

galbabbaqini  galbabbaqinnoowe
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

/oowe/ edde gacte abini tu luk sugte bisuk aki

bisuh, hinnay luk sugte mexxatak aki mexxatah
kortam yascasse.

Tama luddisso « milagsimenta » deqsitta.

 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /a-/
/a-/ 3tô horah abnittey bisu ascasse waytaah,
ellecabot -ni aalle wayta luddissa. 3tô hortat sugte
abnitte 1tô horah korissah. Ama digloyti edde gaca
abinak ellecabô mayangayyi nammiinitah.
kaxxa  akaxxiyya
meqe  am(a)qiyya

/a-/ edde gacte abini tu luk sugte mexxatak aki

mexxatah kortam yascasse. Tama luddisso
« milagsimenta » deqsitta.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /s/ : 2tô hortih abinitte

/s/ 1tô horah abnittek qembô yangayyik lakat 2
mayangayyi le abinitte luddisa. /s/ qembot ay- le
abinat gacta waqdi /y/ tanxuqeh. 3 mayangayyi itta
lih kawsimu duude waamih sabbatah fanat yangayyi
cula.
askutiyya  /asskutiyya/  [assukutiyya]
aynabiyya  /asynabiyya/  [assanabbiyya]
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /s/ : 1tô hortih abinitte

/s/ 1tô horah abnittet ellecabô maasayyah xisneh
ugutak -is-, -siis- welul gacta.
 -is- yangayyik qembissa 2tô hortih abinittet gacta:
elel  elelis
as  asis

-siis- mayangayyik qembissa 1tô hortih abinittet

gacta.
Ceelis  Celsiis-iyya
Bah  Bahsiis-iyya
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /s/ (-is-, -siis-) edde gacta abini tabe waa abinak

sugtek taba abina kaa abta.
Usuk taamita.
Usuk sinam tamsiisa.

 /s/ (-is-, -siis-) edde gacte abini abeyni tu kah

takke’nnah abam yascasse. Tama luddisso
« absiisenta » deqsitta.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /y/ 2toh abinittek qembô yangayyii kee naharsi

mayangayyik fanat gacta.
asillimiyya  aysillimiyya

 /y/ edde gacta abini qembot nammiinite

mayangayyi yeellek, inkitti bayah.
affoofiyya  ayfoofiyya
abboodiyya  ayboodiyya

 /y/ edde gacta abini qembot nammiinite

mayangayyi yeellek, inkitti bayah.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /y/ 2 maasayya yakke abinay sissin 2 mayangayyi

let gacta waqdi ellecabô mayangayyi
nammiinitah.
ardiyya  ayraddiyya
 /y/ 3 maasayya yakke abinay addat nammiinite
mayangayyi aalle waah, sissin 2 mayangayi aalle
waat gacta waqdi ellecabô mayangayyi
nammiinitah.
abuliyya  aybulliyya
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /y/ edde gacta abini /s/ innaah abeyni tu kah

takkke’nnah abam yascasse. Tama luddisso
« absiisenta » deqsitta.
 /y/ edde gacta abini tabe waa abinak sugtek taba
abina kaa abta.
Num yarde.
num simbiliqa yayradde.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 /t/ abnittek ellecabô maasayyah xisnek ugutak -t-,

-tt-, -it- welul gacta.
 -t- 2tô hortah abinittek naharsi yangayyii kee ciggiila
mayangayyik fanat gactaah, ellecabô mayangayyi
nammiinissah.
arcidiyya  /a-t-rciddiyya/  [arrciddiyya]
 Abini gudet nammiinite mayangayyi yeyyellek -t- edde
gacta waqdi woo mayangayyi inkittu yakke.
axiggiliyya  /a-t-xigilliyya/  [axxigilliyya]
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 -tt- 2tô hortah abinittek xer yangayyik qembissa abinittet

gactaah, -tt- naharat a- gacta.
aaqubiyya  attaaqubiyya
aarriyya  attaarriyya
 -it- 1tô hortah abinittek wadirit gacta.
alaysiyya  alaysitiyya
gexiyya  gexitiyya
 /t/ (-t-, -tt-, -it) edde gacte abini abeyni tu isi taagah
abam yascasse. Tama luddisso « isih-xeefit » deqsitta.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 Cemarraaki digloytitte : -ys-, at-, -mt- et -aasit-

 -ys- 1tô hortih abinittey xer yangayyik
qembissaah, ellecabot nammiinite mayangayyi le
luddissa.
aabbiyya  /aaysbbiyya /  [aysabbiyya]

 -ys- 1tô hortih abinittey ux yangayyik qembissaah,

ellecabot nammiinite mayangayyi, hinnay sissin 2
mayangayyi le luddissa.
abbixiyya  aysibbixiyya
atqitiyya  aysitiqiyya
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 -ys- 1tô hortih abinittey ellecabot oowiyya le

luddissa. Abinat -ys- gacta waqdi /w/ baytaah, oo
> o takke.
qaddoowiyya  / qaddoowysiyya/  [qaddoysiyya]

 -ys- edde gacte abini tu luk sugte bisuk, hinnay

mexxatak korisaanam yascasse. Tama luddisso
« milagsimenti absiisenta » deqsitta.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

 -mt- dago 2tô hortih abinittey xer yangayyik

qembissaa, hinnay nammiinite mayangayyi le
luddissa. /m/-t > [nt].
abbixiyya  /amtbbixiyya/  [antibbixiyya]
aaqubiyya  /amtaaqubiyya/  [antaaqubiyya]
 -mt- edde gacte abini xer yangayyii kee nammiinite
mayangayyi yeellek, xer yangayyi yaxxuxxeh.
aabbiyya  /amtabbiyya/  [antabbiyya]
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

-mt- /m/ innaah abinah takke xongoloh maqna

yacee. Abini taba abinak sugtek tabe waa
abina yakke.
-aasit- 1tô hortih abinitte inkih luddissu duuda. -aasit-
edde gacta abinak ellecabô mayangayyi nammiinitah.
Ama abini gudet xer yangayyi yeellek kaadu yaxxuxxeh.
abiyya  abbaasitiyya
fakiyya  fakkaasitiyya

 -aasit- edde gacte abini abeyni tu isi taagah digga luk

abam yascasse. Tama luddisso « isih-xeefit » deqsitta.
 2toh exxa: abni luddisso

-mt- /m/ innaah abinah takke xongoloh maqna

yacee. Abini taba abinak sugtek tabe waa
abina yakke.
-aasit- 2tô hortih abinitte inkih luddissu duuda. -aasit-
edde gacta abinak ellecabô mayangayyi nammiinitah.
Ama abini gudet xer yangayyi yeellek kaadu yaxxuxxeh.
abiyya  abbaasitiyya
fakiyya  fakkaasitiyya

 -aasit- edde gacte abini abeyni tu isi taagah digga luk

abam yascasse. Tama luddisso « isih-xeefit » deqsitta.