Computer Networks
S.Kavitha
Head & Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Sri Sarada Niketan College of Science for
Women,Karur.
Unit - I
Bandwidth Utilization
Network bandwidth utilization is the rate at
which data can flow through your network.
Traditionally measured in bits per second
(bps), higher bandwidth allows more traffic
flow from one device to another.
Bandwidth Utilization
"Utilization" is the percentage of a network's
bandwidth that is currently being consumed
by network traffic.
Consistently high (>40%) utilization
indicates points of network slowdown (or
failure) and a need for changes or upgrades
in your network infrastructure.
Multiplexing
In telecommunications and computer
networking, multiplexing (sometimes
contracted to muxing) is a method by which
multiple analog or digital signals are
combined into one signal over a shared
medium.
The aim is to share a scarce resource – a
physical transmission medium.
Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum refers to a system originally
developed for military applications, to provide
secure communications by spreading the signal
over a large frequency band.
These narrowband signals are easily jammed by
any other signal in the same band.
Transmission Media
Transmission media is a communication
channel that transmits information from
the source/transmitter to the receiver.
It is a physical path for data transfer
through electromagnetic signals.
Information is carried over in the form of
bits through LAN.
Guided media
Guided media, which are those that
provide a conduit from one device to
another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
A signal traveling along any of these
media is directed and contained by
the physical limits of the medium.
Guided Transmission Media
Unguided Media
Unguided media transport electromagnetic
waves without using a physical conductor.
It is also known as unbounded or wireless
media, and does not rely on physical
pathways to transmit signals.
Instead, they use wireless communication
methods to propagate signals through the
air or free space.
Unguided Transmission Media
Switching
Switching in computer networking is the
transfer of data packets, or blocks of
data, through a network switch.
Switches transfer data from source ports
on devices such as computers to
destination ports on devices such as
routers.
Switching
Circuit Switched Network
A Datagram based network is a true
packet switched network.
There is no fixed path for transmitting
data.
A virtual circuit network uses a fixed path
for a particular session, after which it
breaks the connection and another path
has to be set up for the next session.
Packet Switching
Packet switching is the transfer of small
pieces of data across various networks.
These data chunks or “packets” allow for
faster, more efficient data transfer.
Structure of a switch
A header and a payload are the two
components of each packet in a packet
switching mechanism.
The header of the packet contains the
addressing information, which the
intermediate routers use to direct it to its
destination. The actual data is carried by
the payload.
