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Fields
and
Methods
of
Psychology
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Fields
of
Psychology
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There are 54 branches in the filed of

psychology but out of 54 branches only
few branches are explored as a career
option.

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Sub Field Description Degree Expertise Place of

Employment
Clinical his field emphasizes on Mphil or Ph.D Does psychotherapy; Hospitals,
Psychology the diagnosis, causes, in Clinical investigates clinical Academics,
and treatment of severe Psychology problems; develops Research, NGO,S,
psychological disorders methods of Clinics
and emotional troubles. treatment

Counseling deals with helping MA in Does psychotherapy Schools,

Psychology people/individuals with Counseling and personal Academics,
personal problems Psychology or counseling; Research &
including interpersonal PGDGC researches emotional NGO’s
relations, career choice, disturbances and
mild emotional troubles counseling methods
or behavioural
problems such as over
eating, slow learning or
lack of concentration
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Sub Field Description Degree Expertise Place of

Employment
Industrial/ Investigates aspects of MA in Assessments, Workplace MNC’s,
Organizational behaviour in work Organizatio Counseling, Trainings for Academics,
Psychology place from selection nal employees etc Research,
and recruitment of Psychology,
employees, Ph.D or
performance HRD
appraisal, work
motivation to
leadership.

Forensic Investigates Problems Mphil in work within the judicial Court, Police
Psychology of crime and crime Forensic system, evaluation of stations, Prison
investigation, Psychology rehabilitation homes,
rehabilitation programmes, eyewitness Rehabilitation
programs, prisons, testimony and evidence Centers
courtroom dynamics etc
etc
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Sub Field Description Degree Expertise Place of

Employment
Sports Sport psychology is a proficiency MA in Assessments, Sports Academy
Psychology that uses psychological Sports Counseling, Gyms
knowledge and skills to address Psychology Trainings for Sports
optimal performance and well- Persons
being of athletes,
developmental and social
aspects of sports participation,
and systemic issues associated
with sports settings and
organizations

Social Investigates human social MA in Counseling, Social NGO’s,

Psychology behaviour, including attitudes, Social Work, Research Academics,
conformity, persuasion, Psychology Research
prejudice, friendship,
aggression, helping and so forth
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Sub Field Description Degree Expertise Place of

Employment

Development Emphasizes on how people MA in Sports Conducts research on infant, Schools,

al change physically, cognitively Psychology child, adolescent, and adult Clinics,
Psychology and socially over the entire development; does clinical work Hospitals
life span. with disturbed children; acts as
consultant to parents and
schools.

Educational Investigates classroom MA in applying psychological Schools,

Psychology dynamics, teaching styles, Psychology knowledge about/of learning and Colleges,
and learning; develops motivation to the curriculum Universities
educational tests, evaluates
educational programs.

Health Studies the relationship MA in Research Academics

Psychology between behaviour and Psychology and Research
health; uses psychological
principles to promote health
and prevent illness
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Topic 2
Methods in Psychology
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Methods in Psychology

Observation Experimental Survey Case Study

Correlational
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Observation Method

It refers to looking for certain categories of response in a systematic manner. It involves the
noting and recording of events without formal manipulation of variables operating in the
events under study.

Types of Observation Method

Naturalistic v/s Controlled Participation v/s Non

Observation Participated
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Characteristics and Purpose of Observation Method

Characteristics
• Observation should be systematic
• It should be specific, and objective
• The record of observation should be made
immediately
• Expert observer should observe the situation

Purpose
• It capture and study human behavior as it
actually happens
• Provide graphical description of real life
• To get eye witness first hand data in real like
situations
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Naturalistic and Controlled Observation

A naturalistic Observation is a Careful Controlled observation is a research

Examination of what happens under more method where researchers observe
or less natural conditions . participants in a controlled
environment, such as a laboratory, to
Biologist Jane Goodall (1971) spent years analyze the effects or outcomes of
observing chimpanzees in the wild, certain variables or conditions.
recording their food habits, social
interactions, their gestures and their whole
way of life.
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Participative/ Non-Participative Observation

In Participative observation investigator In Non Participative observation is a

actively participates in the activities of the research method where researcher
group to be observed. This type of method collects data by observing behavior
is very beneficial to do the researches without participating or interacting
based on Criminals with the group
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Correlational Method

To determine the relationship between two variables for prediction purposes

The Strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables is represented by
a number, known as correlation coefficient.

Its value can range from +1 to – 1.

Types of Correlation

Positive Negative
Zero Correlation
Correlation Correlation
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Positive Correlational

It indicates that as variable (X) increases, the value of other variable (Y) will also increases.
Similarly, if the value of X decreases then the value of Y will also decreases (+1)

Negative Correlational

The value of one variable (X) increases, the value of other variable (Y) Decreases (0 or -1

Zero Correlational

Sometimes no correlation exists between the two variables. There is no linear relationship
between two varibales
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Title: Relationship between Personality and Parenting Style

Authors: Roshini Ramesh, Dr. GV Ramana
Year: 2023
Aim: This paper intends to critically analyze the relationship between parental personality and
parenting behavior.

Results: Correlational analysis was used to study the relationship between parent personality and
parenting styles. Since the assumptions for normality were not met by the sample, Spearman rank
correlation, a non-parametric test was used.

There was a significant positive correlation between Agreeableness and Authoritative style of
parenting(r=.291). A significant positive correlation was found between Neuroticism and
Authoritative parenting style(r=.214) and Permissive parenting style(r=.227).

There was a significant negative correlation between Agreeableness and Authoritarian parenting
style(r=-.379). A significant negative correlation was found between Conscientiousness and
Authoritarian style of parenting(r=-.232) and Permissive style of parenting(r=-.361).
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Survey Method

This method came into existence to study opinions, attitudes and social facts

Types of Survey Method

Personal Interviews Questionnaire Survey Telephone Survey

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Case Study Method

Using case study a researcher is able to have an in-depth look at one person. It is
defines as a planned professional conversation that enables the patient to
communicate his/her symptoms, feelings and fears to the clinician so as to obtain
an insight into the nature of patients illness and his/her attitude towards them.
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Case History
Name
Age/Gender
OPD no. Provisional Diagnosis
Address Records
Occupation Investigation
Socio economic status Final Diagnosis
Marital Status Prognosis
Chief Complaints Treatment Plan
History of present illness Recall
Past Dental History Clinical Examination
Medical History
Treatment History
Family History
Personal History
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Experimental Method

Based on cause and effect relationship between two sets of events and variables in a
controlled setting

Types of Experimental Method

Experimental/ Control Group Field/ Quasi Experiments

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A research conducted by Nagle et al (2020) with the aim of to evaluate relative efficiency of MBCT
in improving resilience and well-being of children of deployed military soldiers. The sample of the
study comprised of N=88 students (44 males and females each) from Army school of Central India.
The age range of participants was 14-17 years. Using non-randomized control group pre-test post-
test design, after pre-test, the participants were randomly assigned to two equal groups (44
participants each) comprising of equal number of boys and girls. The Experimental Group (M age
=15.14, SD=1.11) received MBCT sessions for 8 weeks while the Control Group (M age =15, SD=.96)
in parallel, received weekly Psycho-education sessions. The post-assessment was conducted on
n=38 Experimental group and n=35 Control group participants respectively. Post-test results showed
a greater improvement in resilience and well-being of Experimental group participants as compared
to the Control group. The improvement was observed to be specific to those participants with initial
pre-test scores falling below 75th percentile. The magnitude of this effect was found to be
significant. The findings support that MBCT is effective in improving stress tolerance and coping and
can lead to an improved overall functioning of military children. The findings can prove to be helpful
for effective management of academic and non-academic stress and enhancement of the quality of
remedial programmes.
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