 PROGRAM OF

“PHYSICS”
Lecturer: Dr. DO Xuan Hoi
Room 413
E-mail : [email protected]
 PHYSICS I
(General Mechanics)
02 credits (30 periods)
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
 Motion in One Dimension
 Motion in Two Dimensions
Chapter 2 The Laws of Motion
Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical Energy
Chapter 4 Linear Momentum and Collisions
Chapter 5 Rotation of a Rigid Object
About a Fixed Axis
Chapter 6 Static Equilibrium
Chapter 7 Universal Gravitation
References :
Halliday D., Resnick R. and Walker, J.
(2005), Fundamentals of Physics,
Extended seventh edition. John Willey
and Sons, Inc.
Alonso M. and Finn E.J. (1992). Physics,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Hecht, E. (2000). Physics. Calculus, Second
Edition. Brooks/Cole.
Faughn/Serway (2006), Serway’s College
Physics, Brooks/Cole.
Roger Muncaster (1994), A-Level Physics,
Stanley Thornes.
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
http://www.opensourcephysics.org/index.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/HFr
ame.html
http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Default.ht
ml
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/
http://www.iop.org/index.html
.
.
.
 PHYSICS I
Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical
Energy
Work Done by Force. Power
Kinetic Energy and the Work.
Potential Energy of a System
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Changes in Mechanical Energy for Non-conservative
Forces
Relationship Between Conservative Forces and
Potential Energy
 Introduction
Forms of energy:
Mechanical
focus for now
chemical
electromagnetic
nuclear
Energy can be transformed from one form to
another
Essential to the study of physics, chemistry,
biology, geology, astronomy
Can be used in place of Newton’s laws to solve
1 Work Done by Force. Power
 Provides a link between force and energy
 The work, W, done by a constant force on
an object is defined as the product of the
component of the force along the direction
of displacement and the magnitude of the
displacement
W (F cos )x

 (F cos θ) is the component of

the force in the direction of the
displacement
Δx is the displacement
(F cos θ) is the component of the force in the
direction of the displacement
 By using the scalar product (dot product) :
?
W (F cos )x F .x
Work can be positive or negative
Positive if the force and the displacement
are in the same direction
Negative if the force and the
displacement are in the opposite
direction
Example 1: lifting a cement block…
Work done by the person:
is positive when lifting the box
is negative when lowering the box
Example 2: … then moving it horizontally
Work done by gravity:
is negative when lifting the box
is positive when lowering the box
is zero
Total work : W when
W1  Wmoving it horizontally
2  W3  mgh  mgh  0 0

lifting lowering moving total

 EXAMPLE 1
A particle moving in the xy plane undergoes a
displacement
d = (2.0i + 3.0j) m as a constant force F = (5.0i +
2.0j) N
acts on the particle.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the displacement
and that of the force.
(b) Calculate the work done by F.
(a)
(c) d
Calculate
 2.02 the
3.0angle
2
3.6between
m F and d.

F  5.02  2.02 5.4 N

(b) W = F.d = ( 2.0i + 3.0j )(5.0i + 2.0j ) 16 J
W 16 J
(c) cos   ;  35o
F .d 3.6 N 5.4 m
  WORK DONE BY A VARYING FORCE
 Split total displacement (xf - xi)
into many small
displacements x
 For each small
Wi  (F cosdisplacement:
 )x i

 Thus, total work is:

Wtot  Wi  Fx xi
i i

which is total area under the F(x) curve!

xf xf xf

lim
x  0
F
xi
x x  Fx dx W  Fx dx
xi xi
 PROBLEM 1
The interplanetary probe shown in the figure is
attracted to
the Sun by a force of magnitude
F = - (1.3  10-23)/x 2
where x is the distance measured outward from the
Sun to
the probe. Determine how much work is done by the
Sun on the probe as SOLUTION
the probe–Sun separation
changes from
1.5  1011 m to 2.3  1011 m
 PROBLEM 2
A block on a horizontal, frictionless surface is
connected to a spring. The spring exerts on the block
a force of magnitude
F = - kx , where x is the displacement of the block
from its unstretched (x = 0) position and k is a
positive constant called the force constant of the
spring.
Determine the work done by the spring force when the
block xundergoesSOLUTION
an arbitrary displacement from x = xi
f

toWx 
= xFfx .dx

xi
xf x x
 1 2  1 2
f i

 ( kx )dx    kx    kx 
xi  2  xi  2  xf
1 1
W  kx i2  kxf2
2 2
  WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
?
s
Divide the path into small segments
 
mg  mgj
?  
s  xi  yj mg
?
 
W F s mg (xi  yj ) 
  i
mg (xi )  mg (yj ) 
j
0  mg y
The total work done by the gravitational
force :
W  mg (y 2  y1 )
The work done by the gravitational force does
not
depend on the path; it depends only on the
 POWER
General definition : the time rate of energy
transfer.
If an external force is applied to an object and if
the work done by this force in the time interval
t is W , then the average power expended
during this interval is defined as :
W
P 
t
J/s  W horsepower (hp):746
W
The instantaneous power is the limiting
value of the average power as t
approaches zero :W dW
P  lim 
t  0 t
dt
  ds 
dW Fds ; P F Fv
dt
 EXAMPLE 2
An elevator car has a mass of 1 000 kg and is
carrying
passengers having a combined mass of 800 kg. A
constant
frictional force of 4 000 N retards its motion
upward.
What must be the minimum power delivered by the
 FY =T  ffric  Mg 0 ;
motor
to lift the elevator car at a constant speed of 3.00
m/s?
T f fric  Mg

T  4.00 103N  (1.80 103kg ) (9.80 m / s 2 )

2.16 104 N
 4 4
P Tv Tv 2.16 10 N 3.00 m / s 6.48 10 W
2 Kinetic energy and the work
Kinetic energy : Energy associated with the motion of
an object
Scalar quantity with the same units as work
Work is related to kinetic energy
Let F be a constant force:

Wnet Fs (ma )s , but :

2 2
v  v
v 2 v 02  2a s , or a s  0
.
2
 v 2  v 02  1 2 1 2
Thus : Wnet m    mv  mv 0 .
 2  2 2

1
This quantity is called kinetic KE = mv 2
2
energy:
 1 1
Wnet  mv  mv 02.
2

2 2
1
KE = mv 2
2

 Kinetic Energy Theorem

(or The work–kinetic energy theorem)
“ The net work done on a particle by external
forces equals the change in kinetic energy of
the particle”
Wnet KE KE fi  KE

Speed will increase if work is positive

Speed will decrease if work is negative
 PROBLEM 3

Derived the work–kinetic energy theorem when the

force varies

SOLUTION
xff x

W  Fx dx  max dx
xi xi

dv dv dx dv
a  v
dt dx dt dx
xff v
dv
W  mv dx  mvdv
xi
dx vi

1 1
W  mv fi  mv 2
2

2 2
 Test
Two marbles, one twice as heavy as the other, are
dropped to the ground from the roof of a building. Just
before hitting the ground, the heavier marble has

1. as much kinetic energy as the lighter one.

2. twice as much kinetic energy as the lighter
one.
3. half as much kinetic energy as the lighter one.
4. four times as much kinetic energy as the lighter
one.
5. impossible to determine.
 EXAMPLE 3
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the
right along a horizontal, frictionless surface
by a constant horizontal force of 12 N.
(a) Find the speed of the block after it has
moved 3.0 m.

(a) W Fd  (12 N )(3.0 m)  36 J

1
Wnet KE KE fi  KE  mv f2  0
2
2W 2(36 J )
vf   3.5 m / s
m 6.0 kg
 EXAMPLE 3
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the
right along a horizontal, frictionless surface
by a constant horizontal force of 12 N.
(b) Find the final speed of the block if the
surface has a coefficient of kinetic friction of
0.15.
(b)
f k  k n  k mg
 (0.15)(6.0 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 )  8.82 N
Wfric  Fk d  (8.82 N )(3.0 m)  26.5 J
1
mv f2  0 Wnet 36 J  26.5 J
2
2(36 J  26.5 J )
vf  1.8 m / s
6.0 kg
 PROBLEM 4
A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a horizontal
spring that
has a force constant of 1.0  103 N/m, as shown in the
figure. The spring is compressed 2.0 cm and is then
released from rest. Use the result of PROBLEM 2.
(a) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes
through the equilibrium position x = 0 if the surface is
SOLUTION (a)
frictionless
1 2 1 2
W  kx i  kxf
2 2
1
 (1.0 103 N / m)(2.0 10-2 m)  0 0.20 J
2
1 2W 2(0.20 J )
W  mv f2  0 ; v f   0.50 m / s
2 m 1.6 kg
 PROBLEM 4
A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a horizontal
spring that
has a force constant of 1.0  103 N/m, as shown in the
figure. The spring is compressed 2.0 cm and is then
released from rest. Use the result of PROBLEM 2.
(b) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes
through the equilibrium position if a constant frictional
force of 4.0 N retards its motion from the moment it is
released. (b)Wfric  Fk d
SOLUTION
 (4.0 N )(2.0 10 2m)  0.080 J
1 1
Wnet  kx i2  kxf2 ; Wnet 0.20 J  0.08 J 0.12 J
2 2
1 2 2Wnet 2(0.12 J )
Wnet  mv f  0 ;v f   0.39 m / s
2 m 1.6 kg
3. Potential Energy of a System
► Potential energy is associated with the position
of the object within some system
 Potential energy is a property of the system,
not the object
 A system is a collection of objects or
particles interacting via forces or processes
that are internal to the system
► Units of Potential Energy are the same as
those of Work and Kinetic Energy
3.1 Gravitational Potential
Energy
► Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy associated
with the relative position of an object in space near the
Earth’s surface
 Objects interact with the earth through the
gravitational force
 Actually the potential energy of the earth-object
system
► Consider block of mass m at initial height yi
► Work done by the gravitational force
Wgrav F cos  s mg y i  y fi  mgy  mgy f

PE grav U grav mgy

Potential energy:
 Note: Wgravity U grav ,i  U grav ,f
Important: work is related to the difference in PE’s!
 Reference Levels for Gravitational Potential
Energy
► A location where the gravitational potential energy
is zero must be chosen for each problem
 The choice is arbitrary since the change in the
potential energy is the important quantity
 Choose a convenient location for the zero
reference height
►often the Earth’s surface
►may be some other point suggested by the
problem
Reference Levels for Gravitational Potential
Energy
 A location where the
gravitational potential
energy is zero must be
chosen for each problem
 The choice is arbitrary
since the change in the
potential energy gives the
work done
Wgrav 1 mgy i1  mgy f1
Wgrav 2 mgy i2  mgy f2
Wgrav 3 mgy i3  mgy f3

Wgrav 1 Wgrav 2 Wgrav 3

 EXAMPLE 4
A bowling ball of a mass of approximately 7 kg held
by a careless bowler slips from the from a height of
0.5 m and drops on the bowler’s toe which is about
0.03 m above the floor. (a) Choosing floor level as
the y = 0 point of your coordinate system, estimate
the total work done on the ball by the force of
gravity as the ball falls.
(a) U i mgy i  (7 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 )(0.5 m)  34.3 J
Uff mgy  (7 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 )(0.03 m)  2.06 J
Wg Wi  Wf 34.3 J  2.06 J 32.24 J
 EXAMPLE 4
A bowling ball of a mass of approximately 7 kg held
by a careless bowler slips from the from a height of
0.5 m and drops on the bowler’s toe which is about
0.03 m above the floor. (b) Repeat the calculation,
using the top of the bowler’s head (which we
estimate to be 1.50 m above the floor) as the origin
of coordinates.
(b) U i mgy i  (7 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 )( 1 m)  68.6 J
Uff mgy  (7 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 )( 1.47 m)  100.8 J
Wg Wi  Wf  68.6 J  ( 100.8 J ) 32.24 J
 PROBLEM 5
A small block with a mass of 0.120 kg is attached to a
cord passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal
surface.The block is originally revolving at a distance
of 0.40 m from the hole with a speed of 0.70 m/s. The
cord is then pulled from below, shortening the radius
of the circle in which the block revolves to 0.10 m. At
this new distance, the speed of the block is observed
to be 2.80 m/s.
(a) What is the tension in the cord in the original
situation when the block has speed 0.70 m/s?
SOLUTION
(a) v2
 FR T1 m 1
r1
(0.70 m / s )2
(0.120 kg ) 0.15 N
0.40 m
 PROBLEM 5
A small block with a mass of 0.120 kg is attached to a
cord passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal
surface.The block is originally revolving at a distance
of 0.40 m from the hole with a speed of 0.70 m/s. The
cord is then pulled from below, shortening the radius
of the circle in which the block revolves to 0.10 m. At
this new distance, the speed of the block is observed
to be 2.80 m/s.
(b) What is the tension in the cord in the final
situation when the block has speed v = 2.80 m/s?
2
(b) F T m 2 v
 R 2
r2
(2.80 m / s )2
(0.120 kg )
0.10 m
 9.40 N
 PROBLEM 5
A small block with a mass of 0.120 kg is attached to a
cord passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal
surface.The block is originally revolving at a distance
of 0.40 m from the hole with a speed of 0.70 m/s. The
cord is then pulled from below, shortening the radius
of the circle in which the block revolves to 0.10 m. At
this new distance, the speed of the block is observed
to be 2.80 m/s.(c) How much work was done by the
person who pulled on the cord?
SOLUTION (c)
1 1
W  mv 2  mv12
2

2 2
1
 (0.120 kg )  (2.80 m / s )2  (0.70 m / s )2 
2
0.44 J
 PROBLEM 6
You throw a 20-N rock vertically into the air from
ground
level. You observe that when it is 15.0 m above the
ground, it is traveling at 25.0 m/s upward. Use the
work-energy theorem to find (a) the rock's speed just
as it left the ground and
SOLUTION
(b) its maximum height.
1 1
(a) W  mgh  mv 22  mv12 ; v1  2gh v 22
2 2
v1  2 9.80 m / s 2 15.0 m  (2.80 m / s )2 30.3 m / s
(b) At the maximum height : v ’2 = 0
1 2 1 2 1
W '  mgh '  mv 2'  mv1 ;  mgh ' 0  mv12
2 2 2
2
v1 (30.3 m / s )2
h'   46.8 m
2g 2 9.8 m / s
 PROBLEM 7

A boy skateboards down a curved playground ramp,

he
moves through a quarter-circle with radius R = 3.00
m. The
total mass of this boy and his skateboard is 25.0 kg.
He starts
from rest and there is no friction.
(a) Find his speed at the bottom of the ramp
(b) Find the normalSOLUTION
force that acts on him at the
(a)bottom
1 2 of
mv 2 
1 the
2 curve.
mv1 W mgh mgR ;
2 2
1
mv 22  0 mgR ; v 2  2gR
2
v 2  2 9.80 m / s 2 3.00 m 7.67 m / s
 PROBLEM 7

A boy skateboards down a curved playground ramp,

he
moves through a quarter-circle with radius R = 3.00
m. The
total mass of this boy and his skateboard is 25.0 kg.
He starts
from rest and there is no friction.
(a) Find his speed at the bottom of the ramp
(b) Find theSOLUTION
normal force that acts on him at the
(b)bottom of the: curve.
At the bottom
v 22 2gR
aR   2g
R R
n  mg maR 2mg
n 3mg
3 25.0 kg 9.80 m / s 2 735 N
 PROBLEM 8

We want to load a l2-kg crate into a truck by sliding it

up a
ramp 2.5 m long, inclined at 300. A worker, giving no
thought
to friction, calculates that he can get the crate up the
ramp by
giving it an initial speed of 5.0 m/s at the bottom and
letting it
go. But friction is not negligible; the crate slides 1.6 m
up the SOLUTION
(a)
ramp, stops,
Kinetic and slides
Energy Theorem back down.
(a) Assuming
Wnet that
KE the
KE fi friction
KE force acting on the crate
is
1 1 1
2
mv 2
constant,
2 
2
mv 2
find
1  its
W magnitude
 mgh  (  f FRIC d ) ; 0 
2
mv 2
1  mgh  ( f FRIC d ) ;
1
mv12  mgh
f FRIC 2
d
 PROBLEM 8

We want to load a l2-kg crate into a truck by sliding it

up a
ramp 2.5 m long, inclined at 300. A worker, giving no
thought
to friction, calculates that he can get the crate up the
ramp by
giving it an initial speed of 5.0 m/s at the bottom and
letting it
go. But friction is not negligible; the crate slides 1.6 m
up the SOLUTION
ramp,1 stops,2
and slides back down.
mv1  mgh
(a) Assuming that the friction force acting on the crate
f FRIC  2
is d
constant,1 find itsmmagnitude
12 kg (5.0 / s )2  12 kg 9.8 m / s 2 (1.6 m) sin300
2 35 N
2.5 m
 PROBLEM 8

We want to load a l2-kg crate into a truck by sliding it

up a
ramp 2.5 m long, inclined at 300. A worker, giving no
thought
to friction, calculates that he can get the crate up the
ramp by
giving it an initial speed of 5.0 m/s at the bottom and
letting it
go. But friction is not negligible; the crate slides 1.6 m
up the SOLUTION
ramp,
(b)
1 stops, 1 and slides back down.
mv '2  mv12  W 0  ( 2f FRIC d ) ;
(b) How
2 fast
2 is the crate moving when it reaches the
1 bottom
2 1 2of the ramp?
1 2
mv '  mv1  2f FRIC d  12 kg (5.0 m / s )  2 3.5 N 1.6 m 38 J
2 2 2
2 38 J
v' 2.5 m / s
12 kg
3.2 Elastic Potential Energy
In a displacement from xl to x2 the spring does an
amount
of work given
1 by
2
:1 2
W  kx1  kx 2
2 2
(work done by a
spring)
We define the elastic potential
energy
1
Uel  kx 2
2
so that :
W Uel 1  Uel 2
 4. Conservative and Non-conservative
Forces
4.1 Conservative Forces
► A force is conservative if the work it does on an
object moving between two points is independent
of the path the objects take between the points
 The work depends only upon the initial and final
positions of the object
 Any conservative force can have a potential
energy function associated with it
Note: a force is conservative if the work it
does on an object moving through any
closed path is zero.
 Examples of Conservative Forces:
Wgrav mgy i  mgy f

1 1
Wel  kx12  kx 22
2 2

► Examples of conservative forces include:

 Gravity
 Spring force
 Electromagnetic forces
► Since work is independent of the path:
 W U i  Uf : only initial and final points
4.2 Conservative forces and
potential energy
Wgrav mgy i  mgy f
Wgrav U i  Uf  U

1 1
Wel  kx12  kx 22
2 2
Wel U i  Uf  U
The work done by a conservative force equals
the negative of the change in the potential energy
associated with that force
In general :
W U i  Uf  U  PE
 In general :W PE i  PE f  PE  U
xf xf

U Ufi  U  W  F dx
xi
x Uf  F dx  U
xi
x i

dU
dU  Fx dx ; Fx 
dx
Example :
 Potential energy U: grav mgy
dU d (mgy )
Fy    mg
dy dy
1 2
 Elastic potential energyU:el  kx
2
dUel d 1 2
Fx   ( kx )  kx
dx dy 2
 NOTE :
dU  dU d
Fx  F  i  i ( U )
dx dx dx

Gradient  d 
nabla   i
operator : dx
 
F  gradU  U
dU dU dU
In 3-D space : Fx  ; Fy  ; Fz 
dx dy dz
 d  d d 
nabla   i  j  k
dx dy dz
 
F  gradU  U
4.3 Nonconservative
Forces
► A force is nonconservative if the work it does on an
object depends on the path taken by the object
between its final and starting points.
► Examples of nonconservative forces:
 kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive forces
► The friction force transforms kinetic energy of the
object into a type of energy associated with
temperature
 the objects are warmer than they were before
the movement
 Internal Energy is the term used for the energy
associated with an object’s temperature
 Friction Depends on the Path
► The blue path is
shorter than the red
path
► The work required is
less on the blue path
than on the red path
► Friction depends on
the path and so is a
nonconservative force
5. Conservation of Mechanical Energy
► Conservation in general
 To say a physical quantity is conserved is
to say that the numerical value of the
quantity remains constant
► In Conservation of Energy, the total
mechanical energy remains constant
 In any isolated system of objects that
interact only through conservative forces,
the total mechanical energy of the system
remains constant.
► Totalmechanical energy is the sum of the
kinetic and potential energies in the system
E i K i  U i ; E ff K  U f

Conservation of Energy :
E i E f
K i  U i K ff  U
 Problem-Solving Strategy
with Conservation of Energy
► Define the system
► Select the location of zero gravitational
potential energy
 Do not change this location while solving
the problem
► Determine whether or not nonconservative
forces are present
► If only conservative forces are present, apply
conservation of energy and solve for the
unknown
 EXAMPLE 5
A pendulum of length 2.00 m and mass 0.500 kg is
released from rest when the cord makes an angle of
30.0°
with the vertical.
Find the speed of the sphere and the tension in the
cord when the sphere is at its lowest point

v B 2.29 m / s
 EXAMPLE 5
A pendulum of length 2.00 m and mass 0.500 kg is
released from rest when the cord makes an angle of
30.0°
with the vertical.
Find the speed of the sphere and the tension in the
cord when the sphere is at its lowest point

TB 6.21 N
 PROBLEM 9
A glider with mass m = 0.200 kg sits on a frictionless
horizontal air track, connected to a spring with force
constant k = 5.00 N/m. You pull on the glider,
stretching the spring 0.100 m, and then release it with
no initial velocity. The glider begins to move back
toward its equilibrium position (x = 0). What is its x-
velocity when x = 0.080 m?
SOLUTION
 PROBLEM 9
A glider with mass m = 0.200 kg sits on a frictionless
horizontal air track, connected to a spring with force
constant k = 5.00 N/m. You pull on the glider,
stretching the spring 0.100 m, and then release it with
no initial velocity. The glider begins to move back
toward its equilibrium position (x = 0). What is its x-
velocity when x = 0.080 m?
SOLUTION
6. Changes in Mechanical Energy for
Non-conservative Forces
► When nonconservative forces are present,
the total mechanical energy of the system is
not constant
► The work done by all nonconservative forces
acting on parts of a system equals the
change in the mechanical energy of the
system
Wnc Energy

Wnc (K ffi  U )  (K  U i )
 EXAMPLE 6
A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an initial
velocity
1.2 m/s to the right and collides with a spring of
negligible
mass and force constant 50 N/m.
(a) Assuming the surface to be frictionless,
(a)
calculateE A E C
theKmaximum compression of the spring after the
A  U A K C  UC
collision.
1 2 1 2
mv A  0 0  kx m
2 2
m 0.80 kg
xm  vA  (1.20.80 m / s )
k 50 N / m

x m 0.15 m
 EXAMPLE 6
A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an initial
velocity
1.2 m/s to the right and collides with a spring of
negligible
mass and force constant 50 N/m.
(b) Suppose a constant force of kinetic friction acts
between the block and the surface, with k = 0.50.
If the speed of the block at the moment it collides
withf the
(b)   spring
n   is 1.2
mg  m/s, what
0.50(0.80 kg is the
)(9.80 m maximum
/ s 2 ) 3.92 N
K K K
compression in the spring?
E  f K xB  3.92xB
1 2 1
E E fi  E (0  kx B )  ( mv A2  0)  K x B
2 2
25xB2  3.92xB  0.576 0
xB  9.2 cm
 PROBLEM 9
A 2.00-kg package is released on a 53.10 incline, 4.00
m from a long spring with force constant 120 N/m that
is attached
at the bottom of the incline. The coefficient of friction
between the package and the incline is k = 0.20. The
mass of the spring is negligible.
(a) What is the speed of the package just before it
reaches the spring?
SOLUTION L 1
(a) f k  k n  k mg cos Ugrav = 0 2
Wfriction  f k L  k Lmg cos
1
K 1 0 ;U1 mgL sin ; K 2  mv 2 ;U 2 0
2 1
Wfriction K 2  U 2  (K 1  U1 ) ;  k Lmg cos  mv 2  mgL sin
2
v  2gL(sin  k cos ) 7.30 m / s
 PROBLEM 9
A 2.00-kg package is released on a 53.10 incline, 4.00
m from a long spring with force constant 120 N/m that
is attached
at the bottom of the incline. The coefficient of friction
between the package and the incline is k = 0.20. The
mass of the spring is negligible.
(b) What is the maximum compression of the spring?
SOLUTION
1
(b) W friction
'  f k (L  d )  k (L  d )mg cos L
K 1 0 ; U1 mg (L  d ) sin ; 2
U = 0 d
1 2 grav 3
K 3 0 ; U 3  kd
2
W friction
' K 3  U 3  (K 1  U1 ) ;
1 2
 k (L  d )mg cos 0  kd  mg (L  d ) sin  0
2
2
4.504d  d  4.00 0 ; d 1.06 m
 PROBLEM 9

(c) The package rebounds back up the incline. How

close does it get to its initial position?

SOLUTION
1
(c)W ''friction  f k (L  d )  f k (d  L  y ) L
4
 k (2L  2d  y )mg cos 2 y
d
K 1 0 ; U1 mg (L  d ) sin ; 3
U grav =0
K 4 0 ; U 4 mg (d  L  y ) sin

W ''friction K 4  U 4  (K 1  U1 ) ;
 k (2L  2d  y )mg cos mg (L  d  y ) sin  mg (L  d ) sin
 mgy sin
2k
y (L  d ) ; y 1.32 m
tan  k