Cloud Computing

Lab 2
(2022-2023)
 Agenda

● Linux Essentials
● What is Linux ? Why ?
● Basic Command Syntax
○Command
○Arguments
○Options
● Basic Linux Command
● Package Management
 What is Linux ? Why ?

• Linux is operating system software that runs on a

hardware computer system.

• Cell phone, tablet, laptop and desktop all need an operating system
to run applications.

• Linux is used on desktop and laptop computers, web servers,

mobile devices (Android), public cloud technology (i.e., Google,
Amazon, etc), Chromebooks, and networking (i.e., Cisco Networks).
 What is Linux ? Why ?
• Linux desktops use a GUI, but it also has a more
efficient tool for carrying out the same actions as a GUI,
the command-line interface (CLI).

• CLI is a text-based
interface that accepts
commands that you
type into it.
 Basic Command Syntax
• Command is a software program that when executed on
the CLI, performs an action on the computer.
• A command runs a process on the operating system,
which then causes the computer to perform a job.
• Most commands follow a simple pattern of syntax:

command [option(s)] [argument(s)]

 Command is the command’s name that you want to perform.
 Option or flag modifies a command’s operation.
 Argument or parameters specifies any necessary information for the
command.
 Basic Command Syntax (Cont.)
command [options…] [arguments…]
• Simple command to list information about the
files/directories.

• Argument can be used to specify something for the

command to act upon.
 Basic Command Syntax (Cont.)
command [options…] [arguments…]
• Options can be used to alter the behavior of a command.
• To invoke it, use (-) or (--).
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls -l
total 32
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Desktop
drwx------ 4 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Documents
…
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Videos
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls -r # ls --reverse (both apply the same behavior)
Videos Templates Public Pictures Music Downloads Documents Desktop
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls -rl # ls -lr or ls -r -l
total 32
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Videos
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Templates
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Public
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Pictures
drwx------ 2 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Music
…
 Basic Linux Command
Printing Working Directory pwd [options…]
• The pwd command prints your current location within the
filesystem.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ pwd
/home/sysadmin
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Changing Directories cd [options…] [path]
- Relative Paths:
▪ A relative path gives directions to a file relative to your
current location in the filesystem.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ cd Documents
sysadmin@localhost:~/Documents$
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Changing Directories cd [options…] [path]
- Absolute Paths:
▪ Specify exact location of a file/directory in the
filesystem.
▪ It always starts at the root directory
begins with ‘/’

sysadmin@localhost:~$ cd
/home/sysadmin/Documents
sysadmin@localhost:~/Documents$
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Changing Directories cd [options…] [path]
- Here are some shortcuts to help you
navigate:
sysadmin@localhost:~/Documents/School$ cd ~
▪ (cd ~sysadmin@localhost:~$
or just cd) goes to user’s home directory.

sysadmin@localhost:~/Documents/School$ cd ..
▪ (cd ..) moves one directory up.
sysadmin@localhost:~/Documents$

▪ (cd -) moves to your previous directory. (Like press on

Back)
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Listing Files
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls -l

total 36

drwx------ 4 sysadmin sysadmin 4096 Dec 20 2017 Documents

▪ d/-  directory / regular file
▪ -rw-rw-r--
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sysadmin sysadmin 21 Feb 24 11:58 file1.txt
 Permissions (user, group, others)
• ‘r--’ refers to read-only.
• ‘rw-’ refers to read and write.
• ‘---’ refers no read or write.
• ‘--x’ refers allowed for execution.
• ‘21’ refers file size.
• ‘sysadmin sysadmin’ refers (user owner , group owner).
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Administrative Access
sudo [OPTIONS] COMMAND
• The sudo Commands:
• Stands for superuser do.
• Let's you perform tasks that require administrative
or root permissions.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ sudo ls
[sudo] password for sysadmin:
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Changing File Permissions
chmod [<SET><ACTION><PERMISSIONS>]... FILE
• <SET>:
• ‘u’  user, ‘g’  group, ‘o’  others, ‘a’  all
• <ACTION>:
• ‘+’ / ‘-’  Add/Remove permission, ‘=’  Specify exact
permission
• <PERMISSION>:
• ‘r’  read, ‘w’  write, ‘x’  execute
-rw-r--r-- 1 sysadmin sysadmin 647 Dec 20 2017
hello.sh
sysadmin@localhost:~$ chmod u+x hello.sh
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Changing File Permissions
• Permissions can be represented by masks:
• rw-r--r--  represented with decimal as 644 (110100100 binary)
• rwxr-xr-x  represented with decimal as 755 (110101101 binary)
• So, you can set permissions bits directly by using masks as
follow:
-rw-r--r-- 1 sysadmin sysadmin 647 Dec 20 2017
hello.sh
sysadmin@localhost:~$ chmod 750 hello.sh
-rwxr-x--- 1 sysadmin sysadmin 647 Dec 20 2017
hello.sh
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Viewing Files cat [OPTIONS] [FILE]
• The cat Commands:
• Stands for concatenate.
• Displays the entire contents of the file, hence why it
is mainly recommended for smaller files.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ cat file.txt

This is my test file
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Create File
• Using touch Command touch [OPTIONS] FILE
sysadmin@localhost:~/test$ touch mynotes.txt
sysadmin@localhost:~/test$ ls
mynotes.txt

• Using > “Redirecting Standard Output”

sysadmin@localhost:~/test$ > mytest.txt
sysadmin@localhost:~/test$ ls
mynotes.txt mytest.txt
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Copying Files
cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE DESTINATION
# Copy file to Documents directory
sysadmin@localhost:~$ cp file.txt /Documents

# Copy file to the current directory

sysadmin@localhost:~/Documents$ cp /home/sysadmin/file.txt .

# Copy and rename file

sysadmin@localhost:~$ cp /Desktop/file.txt
/Documents/newFile.txt

# Copy entire directory

 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Removing Files rm [OPTIONS] FILE
Remove file:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ rm file.txt
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls file.txt
ls: cannot access file.txt: No such file or
directory
Remove directory:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ rm Directory_backup
rm: cannot remove 'Directory_backup': Is a directory
sysadmin@localhost:~$ rm –r Directory_backup
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls Directory_backup
ls: cannot access Directory_backup: No such file or
directory
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Create Directories mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY
Create directory:
sysadmin@localhost:~/Desktop$ mkdir my_directory
sysadmin@localhost:~/Desktop$ ls
my_directory

Passing -p to create parent directory if not exists:

sysadmin@localhost:~/Desktop$ mkdir –p
my_directory/Test
sysadmin@localhost:~/Desktop$ ls
my_directory
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Removing Directoriesrmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY
For empty directory:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ rmdir Directory_backup
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls Directory_backup
ls: cannot access Directory_backup: No such file or
directory
For not empty directory:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ rmdir Directory_backup
rmdir: failed to remove 'Directory_backup': Directory not
empty
sysadmin@localhost:~$ rm –r Directory_backup
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ls Directory_backup
ls: cannot access Directory_backup: No such file or
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Filtering Input grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN [FILE]
The grep command is a text filter that will search input and return
lines which contain a match to a given pattern.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ grep 'root' /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:1000:37::/root:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ grep '^root' /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
sysadmin@localhost:~$ grep '[0-9]' Documents/profile.txt
I am 37 years old.
3121991
I have 2 dogs.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ grep -i "TEst" file.txt
This is my test file
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Viewing Processes ps [OPTIONS]
The ps command will display the processes that are
running in the current terminal by default.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
87 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
102 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
# The -e option will display every process
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ps -e
PID TTY TIME CMD
33 ? 00:00:00 rsyslogd
37 ? 00:00:00 cron
39 ? 00:00:00 sshd
103 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
…
 Basic Linux Command (Cont.)
Check Connectivity
ping [OPTIONS] [hostname_or_IP_address]
The ping command is used for checking whether a network
or a server is reachable.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ping google.com
PING google.com (142.251.37.174) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 142.251.37.174: icmp_seq=1 ttl=116 time=49.3 ms
64 bytes from 142.251.37.174: icmp_seq=2 ttl=116 time=46.5 ms
64 bytes from 142.251.37.174: icmp_seq=3 ttl=116 time=46.6 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 13067ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 46.543/47.337/49.258/1.021 ms
 Package Management
Package Management
• Package management is a system by which
software can be installed, updated, queried or
removed from a filesystem.

• There are many different software package

management systems.

• For this course we use Ubuntu, a derivative of

Debian.
 Package Management (Cont.)

Package Management
• The apt-get (Advanced Package Tool) is a front-end
program to the dpkg tool (Debian package management
system) which makes management of packages even
easier.
 Package Management (Cont.)
Package Management
• Update Packages List
▪ Package files are commonly installed by downloading them
directly from repositories located on Internet servers.
▪ The Debian repositories contain more than 65,000 different
packages of software.
▪ Before installing a package, it is good practice to refresh the list
of available packages using the apt-get update command.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for sysadmin:
Ign file: amd64/ InRelease
Ign file: amd64/ Release.gpg
Ign file: amd64/ Release
Reading package lists... Done
 Package Management (Cont.)
Package Management
• Search Package
▪ To search for keywords within these packages, you can use the
apt-cache search command.
apt-cache search [keyword]
sysadmin@localhost:~$ apt-cache search nano
nano - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico

sysadmin@localhost:~$ apt-cache search ssh

ssh - secure shell client and server (metapackage)
openssh-
server - secure shell (SSH) server, for secure access from remote machines
openssh-
client - secure shell (SSH) client, for secure access to remote machines
 Package Management (Cont.)
Package Management
• Installing Packages
▪ You can install the package you found by use the apt-get
install command.
sudo apt-get install [package]
sysadmin@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get install nano
[sudo] password for sysadmin:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Suggested packages:
filters
The following NEW packages will be installed:
nano
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not
 Package Management (Cont.)
Package Management
• Updating Packages
▪ For updating all packages of the system:
1. Update the cache of all packages with apt-get update.
2. Execute the apt-get upgrade command and all packages
and dependencies will be updated.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get update

…
sysadmin@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
…
 Package Management (Cont.)
Package Management
• Removing Packages
▪ apt-get purge: Deletes all package files.
▪ apt-get remove: Deletes all but the configuration files
for the package.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get purge nano
Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

The following packages will be REMOVED:

Any Questions