ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING STREAM
INTERNSHIP REPORT
HOSTING COMPANY: ETHIO TELECOM
Prepared by:
1.ABDE HIRPA
RU1798/12
2.GASHU SIMA
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
 Telecommunications service was introduced in Ethiopia by
Emperor Menelik II in 1894.
 The telephone line from Harar to the capital city, Addis Ababa,
was commenced. Then the interurban network was continued
to expand satisfactorily in all other directions from the capital.
 Many important centers in the Empire were interconnected by
lines.
1.1 Historical background of Ethio telecom
Telecommunication sector in Ethiopia (1894-1942)
 The telecom has been renamed and restructured through
different stages. First, the management of the service was
under the Imperial Court of Menelik II in the name of the
“CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION OF TELEPHONE AND
TELEGRAPH SYSTEM OF ETHIOPIA” from 1890 up to 1907.
 The service was renamed as “THE CENTRAL OFFICE OF
POST, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE (PTAT) SYSTEM OF
ETHIOPIA” since 1907-1909.
 Then the service was renamed as “MINISTRY OF POST,
TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE (PTAT)” in 1910.
 The Ethiopian telecommunication is the oldest public operator
in Africa.
 Later in 1932 ,Ethiopia became a member of international
telecommunication union (ITU) immediately before the Italian invasion
of 1935.
Under the imperial Regime
 The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia (IBTE) was
established by the proclamation No. 131 on October 15, 1952.
Under the Dergue regime, the Ethiopian telecommunications was
renamed as follows:
 In October 1975, the organization was renamed as “THE
PROVISIONAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF SOCIALIST ETHIOPIA
TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES”
 It was renamed again as “ETHIOPIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AUTHORITY (ETA) on January 1981. It retained its name as ETA up
to November 1996.
Under the Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia
 The telecommunications sector was restructured and two
separate independent entities namely the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Authority (ETA) and the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) were established by
Proclamation No. 49/1996 on November 1996.
Establishment of Ethio telecom
 As a continuation of the 2005/06-2009/10 five-year plan and
after concentrating its efforts on education, health and
agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus
on the improvement of telecommunication services.
 Ethio telecom is born, on Monday 29th November 2010.
1.2 Main products of Ethio telecom
1.2.1 Fixed Line
 Fixed line
Fixed line is traditional wired phone service, it delivers voice, fax
and internet service.
It is fixed in locations such as homes and offices, no mobility.
It is most importantly reliable and cheap alternative for businesses.
 Fixed wireless
Fixed wireless refers to the operation of wireless devices or
systems in fixed locations such as homes and offices. It is much
similar to the ordinary fixed telephone service; it uses Fixed
Wireless Terminal (FWT) which enables it to give a voice, data and
other value added services.
Fixed line value added service (VAS)
There are different packages of fixed line value added services.
 Caller Line Identification Presentation: enables to identify the person
calling.
 Call Waiting: Alerts you when a caller wants to speak to you.
 Call Barring: Barring national & international calls to control who makes
these calls using your fixed line.
 Abbreviated dialing- Calling abortively.
1.2.2 Mobile services
GSM Mobile (prepaid/postpaid)
 The service is given using SIM (Subscriber Information Module).
 It has voice, data, SMS, and other value-added capabilities.
 The service in pre-paid scenario is required to charge using scratch able
cards.
 The post-paid services, users are charged at the end of every month.
Services offered in addition to Voice are:
• SMS (Short Messaging Service) Before using this service the
message service center should be set by putting +251911299708.
• Call divert: It allows an incoming call to a called party to be
redirected to another mobile.
• Call waiting: Is a feature that alerts someone using the phone to
an incoming call and allows switching between calls.
• Call barring: This service enables to restrict all types of calls.
Satellite Mobile telephone
 It is service enables customers in every part of the globe.
 It used to customers found outside the mobile telephone
coverage.
 It provide mobile telephones, voice, short messaging
service and low-bandwidth internet.
Mobile Roaming Service
 It provide the ability for wireless customers to automatically
make and receive voice calls, send and receive data when
travelling outside the geographical coverage area of ET.
 There are two types of roaming services. These are out
bound roaming and in bound roaming. This service is
provided only for GSM postpaid customers.

Figure 1.1: Mobile roaming


1.2.3 Internet & Data
• Broadband Internet; It is a relatively fast Internet service
provided through wired and wireless connections.
• Wired broadband internet:
It provided through copper or fiber with different access
methods (EPON and GEPON).
It can be provided with different speed.
A EPON data communications technology that enables
faster data transmission over copper telephone lines.
A GEPON data communications technology that enables
faster data transmission over fiber telephone lines.
1.4 The main customers of Ethio telecom

Data customers
• Banks
• Different governmental organizations
• Non governmental organizations(NGO).
Internet customers
• Internet cafe
• Universities
• Different companies
Mobile customers
• Prepaid customers
• Postpaid customers
VSAT customers
• Includes School Net Service, Wereda Net Services, Agri Net Services, Health
Net Services.
1.5 Mission, Vision and Objective of Ethio-telecom
1.5.1 Objective of Ethio-telecom
 Being customer-focused company
 Offering the best quality of service
 Building a financial sound company
 Meeting excellent world class standard
1.5.2 Vision of Ethio-telecom
 A leading digital solution provider.
 To be a world class provider of telecommunication service in
Ethiopia.
 To be committed to understand, meet and exceed the
telecommunication needs expectation of country as large and
customer in particular.
 1.5.3 Mission of Ethio telecom
 To provide reliable communications and digital financial
services
 To simplify life and accelerate digital transformation.
 To provide high quality, innovative and ensure high
customer satisfaction.
 To build managerial capability and manpower talent that
enable Ethio-telecom to operate at international level.
 To support community and environmental development.
 To connect Ethiopia through state of the art telecom
service
 1.6 Overall organizational structure and work flow
The Ethio telecom Company has been organizationally structured by one head
quarter, six zonal offices, and seventeen regional offices
• EAAZ
• NAAZ
• CAAZ
• WAAZ
• SAAZ
• SWAAS
The regional offices have seventeen main offices
• ER (DIRE DAWA)
• EER (JIJIGA)
• NR(MEKELLE)
• NER (DESSIE)
• NEER (SEMERA)
• NWR (BAHIRDAR)
• WR (NEKEMET)
• WWR (ASSOSA)
• SWR (JIMMA)
• SWWR (GAMBELLA)
• SR (HAWASSA)
• SSWR (WOLAYTA)
• SER(ADAMA)
• CWR (AMBO)
• CNR (D/BIRHAN)
• NRNWR (GONDER)
• CER (HARAR)
1.6.1. Overall organizational Structure

Figure 1.2: Organizational structure of West region in Ethiopia

1.6.2 Work Flow of Ethio telecom
 It has a clear and brief organizational structure which is
helpful for management and work simplification.
 High level managements are there at Addis Ababa, and one
of the regional branches is placed in Assosa city.
 Every section has its own supervisor who is responsible for
faulty happened at that section.
 The supervisors are helping to each other and they are
working cooperatively.
CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Introduction
As we have been practicing for four months in the internship in
Ethio telecom so that we have formulated several learning goals,
in which we need to achieve them in our practicing time in Ethio
telecom are as follows:
• To understand the functioning and working conditions of Ethio
telecom.
• To see what is like to work in a professional environment.
• To see if this kind of work is a possibility for our future career.
• To use our gained skills and knowledge.
• To see what skills and knowledge we still need to work in a
professional environment.
• To get fieldwork experience in an environment unknown for us.
2.2 The way of entrance to Ethio telecom
 The way we joined to this company is by application for placement
carried by Assosa university industry linkage (UIL).
 The university sent a list of the students who wanted to join Ethio
telecom to the ministry of education
After that ministry of education sent to the Ethio telecom
main branch in Addis Ababa.
Then the company prepared a welcome program at the
company’s meeting hall on October 11/2023 in Assosa.
Supervisors told as to perform our activity carefully with
the company and to communicate with our technical
managers whom are placed at Benishangul gumuz region
we report to the human resource (HR) as soon as they
prepare the get pass to network secation.
We start our practice on October 12/2023
2.3 The working fields of Ethio telecom
In Ethio telecom Assosa main branch, we have been working on two main
fields those are:
• Wireless Network operation and maintenance.
• Fixed Network operation and maintenance.
2.3.1 Wireless Network operation and maintenance
There are the five sub fields of wireless network operation and
maintenance:
 Ip (Internet protocol).
 Radio access network.
 transpotation network section.
 Optimization and maintenance.
Each filed have two groups that depend on each other, one group works
on the site and the other group works on the office to control the system.
2.3.1.1 Internet Protocol (IP) back haul
 Internet Protocol (IP) plays a pivotal role in the operation and maintenance of
wireless networks in telecommunications.
 IP back haul refers to the transport of data between the base station and the core
network in a mobile telecommunications system.
What is a Routing?
 Routing is the process of selecting the best path for network traffic to travel from its
source to its destination.
2.3.1.2 Radio access network (RAN)
 RAN section is responsible for controlling wireless communication,
 It refers to the transfer of information between two or more points that are not
physically connected.
 RAN department is mainly used to control base station subsystem (BSS).
 They have software applications like Network Management System By those
applications they are able to see which BTS site is working properly and which one
becomes down.
 RAN is a part of mobile telephone system that implements a radio access
technology.
A) 2G GSM (Global service for mobile)
 GSM is a global system for mobile where each channel is divided
into time slots and each conversation uses one-time slot.
 In GSM many conversations are multiplexed into a single
channel.
 In other word GSM uses time division multiple access with
operating frequency of 900 & 1800 MHz’s.

Figure 2.1: 2G network architecture

The overall mobile network architecture (2G based case)
consists of the following parts:
• Mobile station (MS).
• Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
• Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).
• BSS (Base station subsystem):
 A GSM network is comprised of many base station
subsystems (BSSs), each controlled by a BSC and rate
 The BSS performs the necessary functions for monitoring
radio connections to the MS, coding and decoding voice, and
adaptation to and from the wireless network.
 A BSS can contain several BTSs & BSCs.
I.BTS (Base transceiver station)
 It is responsible for establishing the link to the MS and for
modulating and demodulating radio signals between the MS
and the BTS.
 Its have equipment for transmitting and receiving radio
signals (TRX).
 Equipment for encrypting and decrypting (BBU, RRU),
antenna.
II.BBU (Baseband unit):
 The baseband unit Provides ports for connection to the
Mobility Management Entity , Alarm monitoring ports for
environment monitoring.
It Manages the entire base station by means of operation and
maintenance and signaling message processing and processes
related transmission protocols.

 BBU is Responsible for:

•Data encryption and decryption.
•data encoding and decoding
III.RRU (Remote radio unit):
 It is One or more RRU constitute the radio frequency (RF) part of a distributed base station.
 RRU can be installed on a pole, wall, or stand.
 It can also be installed close to antennas to shorten the feeder length, reduce feeder loss, and improve
system coverage;
 RRU provide the functions such as modulate and demodulate baseband signals and RF signals, process
data, amplify power and detect standing waves.

Figure 2.2: Architecture of RRU

IV. Antenna:
 Antenna is Responsible for gathering information sent to the BTS and delivering the information to the RRU.
 there are two types of antennas i.e. Omni directional and Directional.
1.Omni directional antenna
 It is sends and receives message from any direction with only one sector
 The transmitted power radiates out in all directions.
2.Directional antenna
 It uses three sector antennas placed at 120 degrees.
 the transmitted power can be focused in to a narrow beam directed towards
the station of interest.
B) 3G (UTMS)
It is 3G network capable high data capacity.

Features of 3G:
• It is designed for multimedia communications.
• It supports wideband services like high speed Internet access, video & high
quality image transmitting & video conferencing.
• By 3G, We are moving away from the business of ears to the business of eyes
• Video calls, Video streaming, TV broadcast
• Video clips, news, music, sports
• Enhanced gaming, chat, location service
• Uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and so on.
The BTS and BSC in 2G are renamed by Node B and RAC
(Radio Access Control) in 3G and are included in UTRAN
(UMTS RAN).

Figure 2.2: UTMS network architecture

C) 4G LTE
 LTE is a specific type of 4G technology, also called 4G LTE, and stands for “Long
Term Evolution”.
 It is a mobile network service standard that uses digital signal processing
technologies.
 LTE is a supercharged network that delivers fast internet speeds.
Features of 4G:
 Better download speed
 Extremely high voice quality.
 Easy access to Internet.
 Much faster than 3G
 Higher bandwidth.
2.3.1.3 Transmission section
 Transmission may be defined as the electrical transfer of a signal, message or
other form of intelligence from one location to another.
 Transmission has been one of the two major disciplines of telecommunication.
 Transmission equipment receives the signals from service provider sections
and then transports to the desired stations by using different transmitting
methods through antenna which are located in the top of towers.
 Transmission of signals from one station to the other station is the backbone of
telecommunication network.
Assosa regional Ethio-telecom employs three types of signal transmission links:
1. Microwave transmission link
2. Fiber optic cable transmission link
3. Satellite transmission link
1,Microwave transmission link
 In microwave transmission link electromagnetic signals are transmitted from
one station to another station by antennas that align themselves face to face.
 In microwave transmission link Media of transmission is air interface.
In this type of transmission the essential elements are:
 A transmitter for modulating a high frequency carrier wave within an information
baseband.
 A receiving antenna that will intercept the maximum amount of radiated energy
after its transmission through space.
 A receiver that uses to select the desired carrier wave, amplify the signal and
detect it.
2, Fiber optic cable transmission link
 In fiber optic cable transmission link the media of transmission is fiber optic
cable.
 Electrical signal is changed in to light pulses and transmitted through the fiber
optic cable.
 Fiber optic cable is the favored transmission medium for very wideband terrestrial
links.
 The bandwidth of a fiber optic strand can be measured in terahertz (THz).
The advantage of optical fiber systems can be summarized in
the following points:
• Very high capacity
• Long repeater spacing
• Small cable dimension
• Low weight

Fig 2.3 Fibre optical structure

Core
 It is found at the center of the structure.
 It carries much of the light in it.
 It has height refractive index than the clad.
Clad
 It encircles the core.
 It has lower refractive index than the core
Coating
 A protective coating is applied to the glass fiber as the final step in the
Manufacturing process.
 The fiber has a primary coating to provide protection against moisture and
chemicals, and an outer- fixed or loose- secondary coating.
 The optical cable is provided with a strength member made of steel or plastic
that gives the cable strength necessary to withstand tensile stress and
bending.
2.3.1.4 Optimization and Performance section
• Its providing voice, data, and multimedia services to a large and
diverse user base.
• Its management play a crucial role in delivering satisfactory user
experiences.
• Its minimizing downtime.
• Its maximizing network capacity and efficiency.
A. Coverage and Quality
Coverage Optimization:
 Ensuring adequate coverage across both urban and rural areas.
 Coverage optimization involves strategically placing cell towers
and antennas to provide seamless connectivity.
 Factors affect terrain, building structures, and foliage coverage.
Quality Optimization:
 Quality of service is vital for user satisfaction.
 It is focuses on parameters like call clarity, data speeds, and
minimal latency.
 Effective radio resource and interference management helps to
maintain high-quality connections.
B, Types of Tests
1, Drive Tests: Drive tests involve physically driving or moving
through areas while measuring network performance.
• Metrics like signal strength, signal quality, and call drop rates are
collected to assess coverage and call handover effectiveness.
2, Walk Tests: are similar to drive tests but conducted on foot. They
are useful for analyzing coverage in densely populated areas.
3, Throughput Tests: Throughput tests evaluate the data transfer speeds in the network.
• Uploading and downloading large files or streaming videos are commonly used to measure data
throughput.
4, Handover Tests: Handover tests evaluate the seamless transition of a call or data session
from one cell to another as users move.
• The success rate and delay of handovers are important indicators of network performance.

Basic Optimization Tools and Physical Intervention

1, Hardware Tool
The hardware to be use are
Laptop with Windows 11, One Global Positioning Service (GPS) device,

Two SAMASUN Mobile S20_model that have installed nemo outdoor browsers phone

USB Power distributor, a Car and finally a Car Inverter for constant power supply to the laptop
during the course of the drive.
 2, Software Tools
Nemo Outdoor
 Nemo Outdoor is a laptop-based drive test tool with support for over 280
terminals and scanning receivers from various vendors.
 It's cost effectiveness realized in its single software platform.
 It is a powerful software platform works for all technologies and for different
protocol and application testing options.
Nemo Handy
 Nemo Handy offers smart and discreet solution for the measurement and
optimization of the wireless air interface and mobile application QoS/ QoE.
 It shows features of automated testing, voice quality testing, and forcing features.
 It is highly suitable for performing measurements both outdoors and in busy and
crowded indoor spaces while being simultaneously used as a regular mobile
phone.
 It is products provide you with the best real-time measurement visualization on
the handheld market.
Actix Analyzer
 Actix Analyzer is a software application running under Microsoft Windows on a
PC/laptop,
 That is provides a series of analysis tools for post-processing cellular network
data.
Ethio Telecom's strategy includes an emphasis on physical optimization. This
involves:
 Site Survey and Analysis: Thorough assessment of geographic and structural
elements to determine optimal tower and antenna placement.
 Antenna Tilt and Orientation: Precise adjustments to the angle of antennas to
align coverage with the topography and user density.
There are three types of tilt:
• Electrical tilt: For adjusting the wide spread of the antenna signal.
• Mechanical tilt: For adjusting the length spread of the antenna
signal.
• Azmit: For adjusting the degree of shiftiness of the antenna.
2.3.2 Fixed Network Operation and Maintenance
There are three essential aspects of Ethio Telecom's operations:
1) The IP infrastructure.
2) Urban planning and maintenance.
3) Fixed network equipment metro.

2.3.2.1 IP Infrastructure
 IP is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information.
 It is control information that enables packets to be routed.
 IP is a protocol which is used to relay (forward) packet data to the end devices by their IP
address.
 An IP address is a numeric identification assigned to each device on an IP network.
 It designates the specific location of a device on the network.
 IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a
different network.
The internet protocol has two versions:
 IPV4
 IPV6
 The Ipv4 is the older one which uses a 32-bit address structure.
 The Ipv6 uses a 64-bit address structure.
 The IPv6 has larger capacity than the IPv4.
 Ethio telecom still uses the IPv4 version.
 The Internet protocol (IP) address is usually written in dot notation.
 Each group of eight bits is written in decimal form, separated by
decimal points.
For example; the following binary address: 11000011 00100010
00001100 00000111 is normally written as: 195.34.12.7.
 In addition, the 32 bits of the address are subdivided into two parts.
 The first part of the address identifies the network, and the second
part identifies the host node or station on the network.
• The dividing point may vary depending on the address range and the application.
• The figure below shows the three main address classes, including network and host
sections of the address for each address type.

Figure 2.4 Internet protocol classes.

There are five standard classes of IP addresses.

Class A addresses
 It can have up to 16,777,214 hosts on a single network.
 They use an 8-bit network number and a 24-bit node number.
 Its range: 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x.
Class B addresses
 It can have up to 65,354 hosts on a network.
 It uses a 16-bit network number and a 16-bit node number.
 It is range: 128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x.
Class C addresses
 It can have up to 254 hosts on a network.
 It uses a 24-bit network number and an 8-bit node number.
 It is range: 192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x.
Class D addresses
 It used for multicasts (messages sent to many hosts).
 It is range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
Class E addresses
 This addresses are use for experimental .
 It allows IP addresses to uniquely identify each physical network and node on
each physical network.
IP sub-section tools
there are different tools which have different functions are described in the following manner.
a) Switch:
 It functions the same way as hubs, but they can identify the intended destination of the
information that they receive.
 they send information only to the computers.
 Switches can send and receive information at the same time.
 It is faster than hubs.
 It is same network components to communicate or pass information between two networks.
b) Router:
 Routers are better known as intermediary devices that enable computers.
 It is different network components to communicate or pass information between two
networks.
E.g. between your home network and the Internet.
c) Modem:
 It is a device that converts digital data to analog signals.
 It is used to voice communication networks such as telephone system.
d) RJ-45 UTP cable: It connects switches to computers.
e) Gateways: It consists of hardware and software that allow communication between dissimilar
networks.
f) Hub:
It is used to connect computers on a network to communicate with each other.
Each computer plugs into the hub with a cable, and information sent from one computer to
another passes through the hub.
A hub can't identify the source or destination of the information it receives, so it sends the
information to all of the computers connected to it, including the one that sent it.
It can send or receive information, but it can't do both at the same time.
g) Server:
 It is dedicated computer for giving services.
 They are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to handling requests
from clients.
2.3.2.2 Urban Planning and Maintenance
They are pivotal components of Ethio Telecom's strategy for expanding services in urban areas.
Upholding dependable broadband and landline connections.
Urban Planning and Broadband Service Deployment
Ethio Telecom's urban planning endeavors aim to enhance broadband services to meet
the burgeoning demands of urban communities. This involves:
 Infrastructure Expansion:
 Ethio Telecom invests in the expansion of fiber-optic network in urban areas,
 Facilitating high-speed internet connectivity and the installation of fiber
optic cables.
 Equitable Access: It is broadband services, considering factors such as population
density and infrastructure availability to prioritize service deployment.

Landline Installation Tips

Landline installations are critical for urban communication. Ethio Telecom adheres to
best practices:
 Cable Placement: Careful installation of landline cables reduces interference and
potential damage.
 Quality Assurance: Thorough testing ensures clear voice communication with
minimal signal loss.
Types of fixed media
 Optical fiber
 Copper wire
A. Optical fiber
An optical fiber is a flexible,transparent fiber made by drawing glass or planel a diameter
slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

• Optical fibers are often used as a means of transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
• they permit to transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than wire cables.
• It used instead of metal wires because signals travel along distances with less loss.
• Optical fiber color code

Figure: 2.5 Optical fiber cable

Tools (machine) of optical fiber
Optical fiber fusion splicer
• It is mainly used in optical transmission for fiber cable engineering and maintenance.
• It splices the fibers with electric arc ， and move gently by self-alignment principle, to realize the coupling of
fiber modes.

Figure: 2.6 Optical fiber fusion splicer

OTDR (Optical Time-Domain Reflect meter)
• It is used to measure the fiber length, transmission attenuation, connector attenuation and fault location
based on backscatter light.
• The backscatter light is generated by Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflection.

Figure: 2.7 OTDR (Optical Time-Domain Reflect meter)

B. Copper Wire
 It is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring.
 It is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution in telecommunications.
 One of the most common physical mediums used in networking.
 It can carry signals over long distances using relatively low amounts of power.
There are two types of twisted piar;
1.Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
2.Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

1.Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): -

UTP is the copper media used for increasingly higher data rates.
UTP is a very flexible, low cost media, and can be used for either voice or data communication.
Its greatest disadvantage is the limited bandwidth, which restricts long distance transmission with low
error rates.
2.Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): -
 STP is heavier and more difficult to manufacture.
 It can greatly improve the signaling rate in a given transmission scheme.
 Twisting provides cancellation of magnetically induced fields and currents on a pair of conductors.
2.4 The work flow of the section
 Treble ticket
 Serve
 Control and manage all regional and zonal office/site and
Ethio-telecom network
 Routing (provide access to new service request)
 LAN refreshment and installation
 Optimization
 Transport
2.5 The work task we have been executing
 Recognized the employees of Ethio –telecom as most valuable assets and create conductive working
environment.
 We have seen different device like switch(Core Switch), router, OTDR ,Splicer, power meter, MSAN, MSAG
and fiber optics.
 Respect customers and recognized that their revenues allow Ethio-telecom to operate.
 We learn what was the professional did and understanding their work.
 we are very interested and eager to ask our supervisor as well as to read manuals and Ethernet.
 we did our task punctually and with great care our adviser gave as appreciation.
 we have been accomplished all tasks that were given to us in a good performance.
In the four-month internship period, we have been working in the following manner.
• Filed work
• Office work

2.6 The procedures we followed while performing our task

 The section we enter for internship was Network section in fixed and wireless office.
 We join the office Ethio-telecom email account was created for us.
 One personal computer (desktop) is given for both of us from the office.
 Our first task was to know theoretically about networking by reading given reference book.
 We were taking the attendance morning and afternoon.
 We apply what we have got from theory by installing the line of wifi,telephone in the field
work.
 Configuring different kinds of network using software’s known LAN/WAN.
2.7 Challenges faced during internship
 Transport service we were losing our time to take taxi and losses more money.
 Ethio-telecom is very secure so that the company not willing to give us a chance to work a
task independently.
 There are lots of abbreviations and configurations that are difficult to understand in
simple way.
 There is shortage of computer to practis how to make configuration to enhance our
knowledge.
2.8 Measures to overcome the challenge
 We use a Wi-Fi and videos to get additional reference, to see the abbreviations .
 We tried to read some specific topics related to our work.
 We use intranet as a source of reading materials and finding very useful books.
 We have also obtained so many documents from the worker in our section.
 Search abbreviations on Google .
 Asking question when we face a challenge.
 Being a patient.

We studied again and again to overcome the challenges we faced during

internship by:
 Asking other electrical Engineers for their consult on what we saw.
 Assigning ourselves with some tasks to make ourselves busy during observing
the process.
 Reading documents at office.
 Creating a harmonious relation with supervisors and the technicians.
 Going with them to work sites, we have showed to them that how can we do
as they do.
 We have written short notes at each practical time that helps for the report.
CHAPTER THREE
Overall benefits gained
 It is a useful for practical and theoretical knowledge.
 we benefited from working with the dedicated professionals in the company.
 The internship has helped us to improve our selves in so many aspects.
 It some how got rid of the confusions we had in some theoretical concepts.
 It also helped us to see how the real world.
 We got life changing experiences.
Generally, we have gained different skills during the internship in terms of
practical& theoretical skill, team playing skill, communication skill, leadership
and entrepreneurship skill.
3.1 Theoretical knowledge
 we had opportunity to strengthened and widen the theoretical concepts.
 we were able to understand how voice, data and internet communication is
operating in real life scenario.
 We know how about the operations of RAN section of a network operate.
 we have gained insight about how basic network equipment’s RAN such as BTS &
BSC operates.
 We seen network equipment like routers, switches, and others.

Basically there are six types of network as shown below:

 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN):- is a computer network used for
communication among computer and different information technological device
close to one person.
Example Bluetooth and infrared.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN):- is a network that connect computer and devices
in limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office
building.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN):
 It is network a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
 It is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a government body or
large corporation.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN):- is a computer network that covers a large geographical area such as a
city, country, or spans even intercontinental distance, using a communication channel that combines many
types of media telephone line, cable, and airwaves.
 VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN):-
 It is a logical broadcast domain that can span multiple physical segments.
 It is used to group end station that has common set of requirement, independent of their physical location.
 A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical LAN segments.
 A VLAN also lets you group port on switch so that you can limit uncast, multicast, and broadcast traffic
flooding.
 The flood traffic that originates from a particular VLAN floods to only the port belonging to that VLAN.

Figure 3.1 VLAN on one switch with different ports

 AN INTERNETWORK is the connection of two or more private computer
network via a common switching (OSI layer 2) or routing technology (OSI layer
3) and owned by separate entities (public or private)
1. THE INTERNET is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic,
corporate, public, and private computer networks
2. AN EXTRANET is a network that is limited in scope to a single organization or
entity and also has limited connection to the network of one or more network
3. AN INTRANET is a set of network that is under the control of a single
administrative entity commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an
organization
3.2 Practical skills
 We are enhance how to splicing the fiber optics.
 We know how to make treble ticket
 We are increase our awareness in practical skill.
 We are improve our communication skill with workers.
 We are develop our communicate with customers
 we have got skill how to installation cable , configuring network device, splicing fiber
by two ways, connecting fiber optics to the router and switch, crimping, inserting UTP
cable with RJ45 ,treble ticket, analyzing faults in subscriber line by using the tone
generator probe and checking the network performance.
 we get self-confidence by improving practical skills and understand the work now
and sequence of product interims of practical skills.
Generally, we have got a great experience how telecommunication service is provided
starting from an exchange to subscribers’ home practically
3.3 Interpersonal skills
 Improving our interpersonal communication skills.
 we had interact with many workers in the company.
 we had improve our communication skills in every good manner.
 In the company we were given the chance to talk and interview important people
from different staffs.
 we have gained confidence on how to ask different question, to make discussion, to
answer question.
 we have gained confidence on how to ask different question, to make discussion, to
answer question.
General, during these four month we had been able to upgrade our speaking skills.

3.4 Leadership skills

 We got skill to guide, control and monitor peers and collages that are taking part in a given
activity in office or production area.
 Educated, skilled and experienced man power is necessary for leader position.
 The activity of the leader is should be exemplary (model) for other workers.
 When we were getting in to the internship program, we never expected to order or boss
around anyone who obviously has a greater experience than us.
 We learn a quality of leadership skill from our supervisors and how to motivet the workers.
 We learned how to handle complicated situations that may escalate in to an unwanted
stage.
 Time Managements the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control.
 We know how to evaluate effectiveness, efficiency and productivity.
 we have got great skills to be a good leader, such as:
• Good speaking ability
• The ability to listen to others.
• Being decisive.
• Good management skills.
3.5 Work ethics Related Issue
 Work ethics are very important part of our personal as well as
professional life.
 hard work and diligence.
 being reliable, punctual, having initiatives, and pursuing new skills.
 The values of attitude, behavior, respect to each other,
communication and interaction.
 Taking great responsibility and accountability.
 It has some positive effects on his/her career growth as well as on the
progress of the company.
 It is the positive aspect that being honesty, integrity,determination,empathy
commitment etc.
3.6 Team playing skills
 Through our day to day activities, we knowingly or unknowingly acquired
some benefits related to team work.
 We were working with various technicians,supervisors and other members of
the staff.
 We were asking them questions and discuss with them and ourselves.
 We were sharing experience to each other.
 Teams need strong team players to perform well and need people who speak
up and express their thoughts and ideas clearly for the work of the team.
 Teamwork is a group that works towards a common goal.
 It is the collaborative to be effective and efficient.
3.7 Entrepreneurial skills
 It is the state of being an entrepreneur that is one who innovates
his/her own business.
To be an entrepreneur one should develop the skills like:
• Self-motivation
• Self-confidence
• Ethics and moral
• Learn from mistakes and weakness
• Self-reliance
• Enthusiasm
• Ability to plan and complete tasks timely.
• Willing to learn
• Good communication skill