1 Civil Engineering
Materials
Lecture 26
Introduction to Metals
Engrr. Shuban Ali
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INDTRODUCTION
TO
2 METALS
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METALS
•Metals are Solid at room temperature, except
mercury, which is liquid !
•Metals have very high melting point.
•Metals are shiny when they cut.
•Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
•3Metals are usually strong & malleable so they can
be hammered into shape.
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METALS
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METALS
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METALS
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METALS
Ferrous Non-Ferrous Alloys
Containing iron & Do not contain iron. A mixture of
almost all are e.g. aluminium, metals
or a
magnetic. copper, silver, gold, metal &
small
e.g. mild-steel, lid, tin etc. amount o
cast-iron, tool- other
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substance
Steel etc.
Ferrous Alloys Non-Ferrous
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Alloys
METALS
METALS & ALLOYS
Metals are available in pure or alloy form.
Pure Metals such as pure aluminium or pure copper,
contain only one type of metal. They are not mixed
with any other metal.
Alloys are mixture of two or more pure metals.
Alloys
8 tend to have better strength properties
than pure metals.
Alloys and pure metals often have special physical
properties. 11/24/24
PROPERTIES OF METALS
1. Strength - The ability of a material to stand up to
forces being applied without it bending, breaking,
shattering or deforming in any way.
2. Elasticity - The ability of a material to absorb force
and flex in different directions, returning to its
original position.
3. Plasticity - The ability of a material to be change in
shape permanently.
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4. Ductility - The ability of a material to change shape
(deform) usually by stretching along its length.
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PROPERTIES OF METALS
5. Tensile Strength – The ability of a material to
stretch without breaking or snapping.
6. Malleability The ability of a material to be
reshaped in all directions without cracking.
7. Toughness - A characteristic of a material that
does not break or shatter when receiving a blow or
under a sudden shock.
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8. Conductivity - The ability of a material to conduct
electricity.
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PROPERTIES OF METALS
9. Hardness – The ability of a material to resist
scratching, wear and tear & indentation.
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FERROUS-METALS
1. Mild Steel
Composition: Iron alloy with 0.3% carbon
Properties: Malleable and ductile, and therefore bends fairl
easily
Uses: nuts, bolts, screws, tubes etc.
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13 Methods of Identification
Appearance:
Bright drawn mild steel has a smooth, bright surface; black
steel is covered with a blue-grey oxide.
Dropping:
Gives out a ringing note.
Grinding:
Gives off a shower of long white sparks
Effect of Heating:
Slightly tougher but little change 11/24/24
FERROUS-METALS
2. Tool Steel / cast steel / carbon steel
Composition: Iron alloy with 0.5%-1.5% carbon
Properties: Tough rather than hard, and fairly ductile
Uses: Springs and most tools such as hammer heads,
drills, chisels, shears etc
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FERROUS-METALS
3. Cast iron
Composition: Iron alloy with 2%-4% carbon
Properties: Brittle, snaps before it will bend. Strong in
compression
Uses: Vices, cylinder blocks for car engines, frames for
most machines
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Methods of Identification
Appearance:
Grey with a granular surface
Dropping:
gives out a dull note
Grinding:
Gives off a few dull sparks
Effect of Heating:
No change
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ADVANTAGES OF FERROUS METALS
1. High strength to weight ratio
it minimise the substructures cost, which is
beneficial in poor ground condition. E.g. The Newark
Dyke Rail Bridge – comprises 77 meter long, 11.25
meter wide bowstring with 820 tonnes of S355 steel.
This bridge use IMD (Interactive Model
Technique) – reduced the time required to assess the
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dynamic response of the structure.
This bridge was the first UK steel bridge to be
designed for the next generation of 225 km/hr trains.
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ADVANTAGES OF FERROUS METALS
2. High quality material
readily available worldwide in various certificate grades.
3. Speed of construction
4. Versatility
steel suits range of construction methods & sequences.
5. Modification & repair
19 6. Recycling
7. Durability
8. Aesthetics 11/24/24
steel has a broad architectural possibilities.
DISADVANTAGES OF FERROUS METALS
1. Costly waste
2. High cost of final finishing & polishing
3. Environmental issue
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Thank you !!
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