CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the investigatory project on
the topic “Transformers” has been successfully
completed by Mandeep Kaur of class XII-A under
the guidance of Mrs. Suman Khatri in particular
fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education {CBSE}
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mrs. Suman Khatri who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Transformers, while working on this project I came to know
about so many new things.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
INDEX
• Aim
• Introduction
• Types of Transformers
• Theory and Mathematical Derivations
• Simple Circuit Diagram
• Circuit Diagrams of Step Up and Step Dow Transformers
• Apparatus required to make our own Transformer
• Uses of Transformers
• Bibliography
AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of :
• Input and Output voltage
• Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
made transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage
to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction, according to
this principle of mutual induction, the amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams whereas in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of times.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
• Step Up Transformer :
A transformer which increases the A.C voltages.
• Step Down Transformer :
A transformer which decrease the A.C voltages.
THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL
DERIVATIONS
When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as
well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary and then the
induced e.m.f induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and,
dφ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant
We have,
Ep = -Np dφ/dt ------- (1)
&
Es = -Ns dφ/dt --------(2)
Since, the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es = Ep = -Ns/Np ------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary produces
a changing magnetic flux, which induces due to the difference
(E-Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f furtherif Rp is
the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by:
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = IpRp
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence, equation (3) can be written as
Es/Ep = Es/E
= output e.m.f/input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = k
Where k is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
Working :
In a step-down transformer, there are many turns on the secondary
winding than in the primary winding in the step up transformers. Thus,
the voltage supplied in the secondary transformer is greater than the
one supplied across the primary unwinding because of the principle of
conservation of energy, the transformer converts low voltage-high
current to high voltage-low current. In other words, the voltage has
been stopped up.
You can find step-up transformers located near power plants that are
designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the power plants,
step up transformers can also be used for local and smaller applications
such as X-ray machine which requires about 50,000 volts to work. Even
a micro-wave oven requires a small step-up transformers to operate.
SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF STEP UP
AND STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
APPARATUS REQUIRED TO MAKE
OUR OWN TRANSFORMER
• Iron rod
• Copper wire
• Hot wire ammeter
• Hot wire voltmeter
Procedure :
• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformers.
• Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
• Connect p1, p2, to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
• Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and s2
transformers.
• Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measured voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of set up transformers.
• Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number
of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USE OF TRANSFORMERS
• In voltage regulator for T.V, refrigerators, computer, air conditioner,
etc.
• A step down transformer is used for wielding purposes.
• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-rays and NEON
advertisement.
• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
• Transformers are used in the transmission of A.C very long distances.
• Small transformers are used in radio stations, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHHY
• www.google.com
• www.Wikipedia.com
• Physics NCERT
• Pradeep’s Physics
