Cloud Computing

Prof. Santosh Kumar Swain

School of Computer Engineering
KIIT
Chapter 1
Overview of Cloud Computing
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the session you will be able to:

• Define cloud computing
• Describe need of cloud computing
• Describe history of cloud computing
• Explain historical evolution of cloud computing
• Describe benefits of cloud computing
• Understand limitations of cloud computing
• Explain elastic computing
• Differentiate various vendors of cloud computing
• Distinguish traditional data center and cloud data center
 Cloud computing
• Cloud computing is a technology which utilizes the Internet and central isolated
servers in order to sustain applications and data.
• This technology permits much more proficient computing by consolidating
bandwidth, processing, and storage memory.
• Technologies such as cluster, grid, and now, cloud computing,
have all aimed at allowing access to large amounts of
computing power in a fully virtualized manner, by aggregating
resources and offering a single system view.
• In addition, an important aim of these technologies has been
delivering computing as a utility.
• Utility computing describes a business model for on-demand
delivery of computing power;
 Basic Structure of Cloud Computing
CC offers services instead of a product.

As given in the figure,

Facilities and services are offered by cloud
providers in a cloud computing environment
and different users from various locations
and
devices can request for specific services
that are offered.
Convergence of various advances leading to
the advent of cloud computing
Terminology used in Cloud Computing
 Need of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a new trend in computing due to its many benefits:
• Reduced Costs:
• Eliminates server costs , maintenance fees, date centre space, software license.
• The expenses of maintenance and up-gradation are handled by the cloud provider ,so minimize the updating
requirement of software and hardware.
• The requirement for extremely trained and costly IT recruits is minimized.
• Minimize asset costs, operating costs and energy expenses
• Scalability:
• More information can be saved.
• Pays only for the services it avails. Pay more for more demand and less for less demand.
• Since CC is based on virtual technology, RAM space, storage, etc., are simple and swift to use and append.
• As business requirements go up and down, instead of buying and making costly advances by yourself, the cloud service
supplier may deal with it.

• Remote Access:
• Once data is virtually stored, it can be shared effortlessly between offices that are far from each other through isolated
access.
• Can be accessible from any place with an internet connection.
 Need of Cloud Computing
• Disaster Relief: Natural calamities do not result in loss of data and unavailability of services.
• Ease of Implementation: Conventional ways of hosting and networking. Can easily get started on
cloud computing. Easy to learn, cost-free trial etc.
• Skilled Vendors: Suppliers to appoint, teach and maintain highly talented workers to maintain QoS.
• Response Time : Improved response. Faster response compared to other.
• Easy to Customize: Customization may be possible for easy access of resources. Pre-configured OS,
committed IP Address for cloud servers, conversion amid servers, free conversion, Allocation or
replication over many remote sites.
• Virtual Provisioning: Storage space is allocated on demand to various devices on the
virtual storage network.
• Fully Automated Storage Tiering—FAST: Active data to storage tiers with HPC and
stationary data to different storage space at low cost
 Scaling Management in Cloud Computing

• One of the biggest advantages of cloud

computing is that

 a business pays only for the services it

avails.
 Evolution of Cloud Computing

The historical evolution of Cloud Computing is as follows:

• Client-Server Technology
• Peer-to-Peer Approach
• Distributed Computing
• Evolution of Cloud Computing from Grid Computing
• Autonomic Computing
• Platform Virtualization
• Service Oriented Architecture—SOA
• Utility Computing
• Web 2.0
• Parallel Computing
 Client-Server Technology
• Client-Server is the technology behind cloud computing. In this,
• Multiple computers perform collectively to augment computing power.
• The server is the prime regulator wherein software applications and data
are kept for access.
• The client is simply a tool which is associated with
the user for facilitation.
• Due to inadequate processing power, IT employees
neither acquire instant access nor can two users
access similar data concurrently in client–server
technology.
 Advantages of Client–Server Networks
• Centralized control There is a centralized power used in the
client-server model. Servers assist in controlling the complete
system.
• Administration managed File administration turns out to be
trouble-free since every file is saved at a single place.
• Replication for backup Since complete data is saved on the
server, it is easy to create a back-up of it.
• Easy updating possible Variations may be made simply by
mere advancement of the server.
• Remote service Access of distant server is possible to
accomplish the needs of consumers and support distinct network.
• Secure and safe For any computing, safety is a vital feature.
Safety convention and access privileges may be termed at the
time of association of server.
 Disadvantages of Client–Server Networks
1. If the server is unable to tackle countless requests from the
consumers, it might lead to congestion with data getting
missed.
2. In case you are downloading a file from the server and if,
because of some fault, it gets discarded, download too
discontinues.
3. Administration and deployment is extremely costly for such
computing.
4. Expert IT populaces are forever required for maintaining
servers and other technological particulars of the network.
 Cloud vrs. Client–Server Computing
•Cloud computing refers to providing on demand IT resources/services like server,
storage, database, networking, analytics, software etc. over internet. Cloud
computing provides services such as hardware, software, networking resources
through internet. Some characteristics of cloud computing are providing shared pool
of configurable computing resources, on-demand service, pay per use, provisioned
by the Service Providers
•a client-server system, including hardware and software, is based and maintained in-house,
whereas cloud-based storage is off-site in an infrastructure maintained by a third-party vendor
and is accessible via the Internet.
•Users using Client-Server Computing System can access the data from the system where they
stored their data.
• It is costly than a cloud computing system as each user has to use his own
resources.
 Peer to Peer Approach
• Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a decentralized approach and it encompasses no principal
server. It is a design in which every computer has equal responsibilities and
facilities.
• There is no master (boss) and slave. All are masters.
• P2P facilitates straight swap of services and resources.
• This kind of network is not simple to manage.

Disadvantages
1. It is not easy to administer this type of network.
2. Safety matters are forever on this network
3. Backup or data revival is not simple.
 Distributed Computing
• Distributed computing utilizes those idle resources that are not utilized for
some reason or the other. Idle time of various systems is integrated and
utilized.
 Distributed Computing
Disadvantages
There are several problems regarding transfer and allocation of
IT resources. They are as follows:
1. Growing computing power at every data center
2. Growing storage facility
3. Under-consumption of the resources in various scattered data
centers
4. Rise in maintenance expenses of data centers
 Cloud vrs. Distributed Computing
•cloud computing are providing shared pool of configurable computing
resources, on-demand service, pay per use, provisioned by the Service
Providers
•Distributed computing refers to solve a problem over distributed
autonomous computers and they communicate between them over a
network. It is a computing technique which allows to multiple computers
to communicate and work to solve a single problem.
•Distributed computing helps to achieve computational tasks more faster
than using a single computer as it takes a lot of time. Some
characteristics of distributed computing are distributing a single task
among computers to progress the work at same time, Remote Procedure
calls and Remote Method Invocation for distributed computations.
 Grid computing
• Grid Computing is a subset of distributed computing, where a virtual
super computer comprises of machines on a network connected by
some bus, mostly Ethernet or sometimes the Internet.
• It utilizes a network or a group of computers and performs large or
complex operations or tasks over it.
• Unused computing powers of many computers are used to perform
complex scientific problems.
• In Grid computing, the task at hand is broken down into smaller
problems. Through a distributed network, the tasks are shared
among the network of interconnected computers.
• Whereas, in cloud computing, there is just one central
computing unit that takes care of the distribution of all the
available resources.
 Grid Computing
• Computing grids are conceptually and logically like electrical grids. In
an electrical grid, wall outlet allow us to connect to an infrastructure of
resources which generate and distribute the electricity. Likewise, in the
IT industry, grid computing uses middleware to coordinate distinct IT
resources over the network, allowing them to function and work as a
virtual whole.
• The goal of a computing grid , like that of a electrical grid, is to provide
users with access to the resources they need, when they need them and
to provide remote access to IT assets and aggregating processing power.
• Grid provides a series of distributed computing resources via LAN or
WAN to the terminal user’s application, as if he is using a super virtual
computer.
 Grid computing
It is attractive for several reasons:
1. Computer resources are not appropriately utilized; as a result
it is profitable to employ a known sum of computer resources.
2. It accomplishes the need of high computing power.
3. The resources of various computers can be shared
 Grid vrs. Cloud Computing
•In Grid computing, the task at hand is broken down into smaller problems.
Through a distributed network, the tasks are shared among the network of
interconnected computers.
•Whereas, in cloud computing, there is just one central computing unit that
takes care of the distribution of all the available resources.
•The primary function that grid computing is used for is scheduling jobs,
where the available resources are divided and distributed into a number of
small tasks that every computer on the grid is tasked to do. After
completing all these little tasks, all the allocated resources are acquired
back by the main machine.
•Cloud computing, on the other hand, behaves on a need basis. Whenever there is a
need for resources, the central computing unit allocates all the available resources
and takes them back when the task is completed.
 Grid vrs. Cloud Computing
•Both cloud and grid computing aims to provide a similar kind of services
to a large user base by sharing assets
•Cloud computing never lets any application access the available
resources directly. Instead, all the resources are made available for use
by any application via the use of the internet.
•Another critical difference between grid and cloud computing is that
the available resources are distributed to the computers connected to
the specific grid in grid computing.
•Cloud in cloud computing is actually a reference to the internet. The
primary use of cloud computing is to ask for the resources whenever the
need for them arises without having to buy either the software or the
hardware by yourself..
Evolution of Cloud Computing from Grid Computing
 Autonomic Computing
•This is a system that supports computing to
perform and work without any outer control or
intervention.

•The aim of autonomic computing is to have the

computer carry out versatile and critical
functions without any interference by a user.
 Virtualization
Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than
actual) version of something, such as a server, a desktop, a
storage device, an operating system or network resources".
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a
single physical instance of a resource or an application
among multiple customers and organizations.
It does by assigning a logical name to a physical storage
and providing a pointer to that physical resource when
demanded.
 Concept behind Virtualization

The machine on which the virtual machine is going to

create is known as Host Machine and that virtual
machine is referred as a Guest Machine
 Platform Virtualization
•Virtualization is a base for clouds
•A virtual picture offers an undefined number of
hardware resources for strengthening the accessibility
and functioning of an application;
•The unused time of a server is involved in waiting for
output or input, or is devoted to an assignment, working
for lesser consumption of CPU and rotating its
computational power for new assignment to be
completed.
 Virtualization
•A virtual machine (VM) is a digital version of a physical computer.
Virtual machine software can run programs and operating systems,
store data, connect to networks, and do other computing functions,
and requires maintenance such as updates and system monitoring.
•Virtualization makes physical resources look like virtual resources
in front of users.
•In a VM instance, one or more guest machines can run on a host
computer.
•Each VM has its own operating system, and functions separately
from other VMs, even if they are located on the same physical host.
 Virtualization
•Virtual machines support legacy applications, reducing the cost
of migrating to a new operating system. For example, a Linux
virtual machine running a distribution of Linux as the guest
operating system can exist on a host server that is running a
non-Linux operating system, such as Windows.
•Virtualization is founded on the perception of a virtual
machine working on a physical computing platform.
•Virtualization is managed by a Virtual Machine Monitor
(VMM), called a hypervisor. An open-source hypervisor,
Xen, is broadly utilized for cloud computing.
 Service Oriented Architecture—SOA
•Software applications are offered to consumers as a service.
•A variety of software is easily accessible on the cloud and
instantaneously accessed by several users.
• An array of services can communicate with one another.
•Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, where mutual
information, software, and resources are offered to consumers on-need.
•In a SOA, software resources are packaged as “services,” which are well-
defined, self-contained modules that provide standard business
functionality and are independent of the state or context of other
services.
•Services are described in a standard definition language and have a
published interface
 Service Oriented Architecture—SOA
•The general service arrangement is as follows:
•1. Loss—Chance that a flow’s data is missing
•2. Delay—Time it acquires a package’s flow in order to find it from source to
target
•3. Bandwidth—Greatest speed at which the source may transmit data
•Service condition in the cloud relies on the SLAs which represent a contract made
between the customer and the service provided as well as non-functional necessities
of the service, in particular, QoS. SLA considers its responsibility, service charge, and
fine in case of violations of the agreement.
•In cloud computing, service level agreements (SLAs) are mandatory to manage the
usage of resources. In the negotiation process, a joint decision is made between the
parties, service provider, and service consumer in the context of cloud computing.
•Quality of service (QoS) is the ability to offer various priorities to dependents based
on applications and consumers, and guarantees a certain level of performance.
 Utility Computing
•It disburses resources as a metered service when required. The aim is to
utilize services resourcefully and efficiently, which lessens related
expenses as well.
•The expression ‘utility’ is used to evaluate such a computing resource
consumption and imbursement to utilities such as natural gas suppliers
or electricity suppliers for appropriate consumption of resources.
•Utility computing is the procedure of offering computing services via an
on-demand, pay-per-use invoicing system.
•It is a computing enterprise module where the supplier possesses,
works, and controls the computing resources and infrastructure, and is
accessed by subscribers as and when needed on a metered and leasing
basis.
 Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 represents a change in technology in the world of the World Wide Web. It is
usually designed to increase data security and customization of application as per the
requirement with improved functionality.
The important features of Web 2.0 are as follows:
• Easy to access
• User interaction and participation
• Rich customization features
• Easy communication through video chatting, instant messaging facilities, etc.
• User-friendly writing tools and applications
• Data management and analysis
• Multimedia supporting tools
 Parallel Computing

• Parallel computing simultaneously uses various computing resources for solving

a computational problem.
• It is based on the principle that a single large problem is divided into small parts
and parallely runs different parts on different machines.
• Parallel computing supports applications that require processing of a large
problem in a sophisticated way. Some of the examples are Big data problem,
Data mining, Search engines, Medical diagnosis, Virtual reality, Multimedia.
 Services Provided by Cloud Computing

• Electronic Faxing
• Voice on Clouds
• Commerce on Clouds
• Distributed Hosting on Clouds
• Accounting and Online Banking
 News on Cloud Computing
• A mobile phone can be used to access services related to news.
• Google Apps or Gmail is capable of seeking information via e-mail, rapidly from any tool. We
can talk and work with partners or consumers without any language barrier.
• Distribution and editing of data with trouble-free collaboration using Google items Docs and
Sites. TripIt is a private travel that assists in arranging tours. Data is gathered from consumers
and colleagues by using Google types. There is joint work on a general venture.
• Through Force.com, you may construct a scalable business application on the cloud platform.
Both Google’s cloud and salesforce.com computing platforms are employed to generate
business and web applications.
• Using online patterns for presentations, spreadsheets, and records.
• Functioning steady, safe, and quick Web apps.
• Easily and firmly distributing video in apps through Youtube for Google apps.
 Elastic Computing

• Elastic computing is the capability of a cloud service supplier to provision

flexible computing strength when and where required.
• In cloud computing, elasticity is described as the level to which a system is
capable of adapting to workload variation by offering and taking back resources
the autonomic way; at every point in time the accessible resources meet the
present need.
 Social Networking

• Social networking may be done for business purposes, social purposes, or

both.
• Examples of social networking include LinkedIn, Facebook, etc..
• A social networking website is an online podium which permits customers to
build a public profile and interact with other users on the website.
• Some social networking websites like LinkedIn are used for creating professional
links, whereas sites such as Facebook are on both sides of the line (i.e.,
professional and private).
 Enterprise Cloud Computing

Enterprise cloud computing is the process of using cloud computing for saving
cost and for business innovation by getting extraordinary speed and agility, and
improved collaboration among customers and business partners. Enterprise
cloud computing is important because:
• Cost of accessing data can be reduced to a great extent by linking it directly
with the usage. Customers are charged on a pay-per-use basis.
• Start-ups can test out new business ideas risk-free and at low cost, due to
enormous scalability. Since there is no upfront capital expense involved, in case
a new project takes off, it can be scaled up instantly, and vice versa.
 Enterprise Cloud Computing
• Enterprise cloud computing allows a company to create a shared workspace in
order to collaborate with its trading partners and work together as a ‘virtual
enterprise network’. In this way, they can share the information and
communication resources, without actually owning it all. This also helps in
lowering costs. As shown in Fig. 1.9, an
enterprise with n numbers of hosts can connect
through cloud services and different types of
services supported by cloud network such as
database, servers, and various applications.
Thank You!