Introduction to Engineering

Materials

Introduction

Wegene Lelisa .B

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction Willian D. Callister and David. G.

Rethwisch, John Wiley & Sons 2014 (9 th edition)
MSE 3207 Introduction to
November 28, 2024 Ceramics 1
 Outline

 Historic perspective
 Materials Science and Engineering
 Classification of Solid materials
 Advanced Materials

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 Historical perspective

 Materials closely connected to our culture ( transportation, housing, closing, communication ..)
 The development and advancement of societies are dependent on the available materials
and their use
 Early civilizations designed by the level of materials development.

3 M – 3000 BC 1200 BC – 300 AD 1300 - 1950 AD

stone tools, skin, Iron + steel, glass “Steel Age”
bone, wood Steel + Al, other 1950 AD +
metals “Silicon Age”
3000 - 1200 BC 300 – 1300 AD
Silicon +
Bronze + clay “Porcelain Age” composite, Bio,
ceramics, gold, silk porcelain ceramic, & Nanoaterials
glass

 Initially human used natural materials and then develop techniques to produce
materials with superior qualities (heat treatments and addition of other substances)

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Material Science and Engineering

Materials Science
 Investigating the relationship between the structures and properties of
materials.
 to develop or synthesize new materials material scientist

Materials Engineering

 On the basis of structure-property correlations, designing the structure of

materials to achieve specific properties.
 to create new products or systems using existing materials and/or Material
 to develop techniques for processing materials. engineer

 In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are

involved in materials science and engineering ‘‘processing’’ and
‘‘performance’’.

Continued
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 Processing Structure Properties Performance Materials
Engineering

 Each material possess a structure, relevant properties, which dependent on processing

and determines the performance.

 Processing: method of preparing materials, to control structure of materials

 Structure: relates the arrangement of its internal components

 subatomic (< 0.2nm)
 atomic (0.2-10nm) Structure Properties
 microscopic (1-1000mm)
 Macroscopic (bulk) (> 1mm)
Structure will depend on processing conditions.

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 Properties: to evoke some type of response to the external stimuli,
 Important properties of solid materials grouped into six categories: mechanical, thermal.
electrical, optical, magnetic and deteriorative.

Stimulus Response
Mechanical Applied load deformation
Electrical Electrical field Electrical
conduction
Magnetic Magnetic field Magnetization
Thermal Heat Heat conduction
Optical Light Reflection,
absorption
To obtain desired properties,Structure
Deterioration the material must have the appropriate
Chemicals
Properties Oxidation,structure.
 (Chemical)
Performance: a function of its properties corrosion
 Biotechnology: medical implants, biocompatible, polymer biosensors…
 Infrastructure: Concrete, metal beams…

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Transmittance
All of the three specimens are the same material - aluminum oxide, but they have
different optical properties (transparent, translucent or opaque)

Grain structure is a function of “solidification” processing!

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THERMAL PROPERTIES

 Thermal Conductivity of Copper: It decreases when you add zinc!

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Why Study Material Engineering and Engineering?
 All engineering disciplines need to know about materials, because one way or
another they are exposed to design problems involving materials.
 Even software or system engineering depends on the development of new
materials.

Materials selection criteria

 There are thousands of materials available, many times selecting the right
materials for a specific application is most difficult task.

☞ To select the right material

① The in-service conditions must be characterized. e.g., strength and ductility
② Any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation.
e.g., wear, oxidation and corrosion nature of materials.
③ Economics: cost of the final products are also important for selecting the right
material for job.

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 Classification of Materials
 In general solid materials can be broadly classified as metals, polymers, ceramics
and composites, with each class having distinctive properties based on reflect the
differences in the nature of their bonding.

Ferrous Metals Thermoplastics Advanced Ceramics  Metal matrix

Alloy steels PVC, nylon, etc. Functional ceramics composites
stainless steel Structural ceramics
Thermosets
cast iron
Epoxies,
Traditional
 Ceramic matrix
phenolics, etc. composites
Ceramics
Nonferrous Metals Elastomers White ware,
Aluminum, copper, Rubbers, cements, tiles, bricks,  Polymer matrix
silicones,
zinc, etc,… etc. etc. composites

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 Metals
 In metals, the inter-atomic (chemical) bonding is predominantly metallic, where
delocalized electrons provide the “glue” that holds the positive ion cores together
 Many of the properties of metals are directly attributed to the delocalized electrons,
e.g., shiny ,ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity etc.

 General properties associated with METALS:

 Relatively high density
 Low melting temperature
 Reactive
 High thermal & electrical conductivity
 Relatively strong
 High toughness
 Ductile (high plasticity)
 Opaque to visible light

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 Metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually long-lasting materials.
 One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with chemicals in the
environment, such as iron-oxide (corrosion).
 Many metals do not have high melting points, making them useless for many
applications.

 Examples of metals
 Pure metal elements, a metallic element (e.g.,, Al, Cu, Ti, Au, Ni, etc. and
trace amounts of nonmetallic elements of C, N, O etc).
 Alloys (steel, brass, bronze, etc.)

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Polymers
 Polymers are a class of materials where many small molecules (monomers) are
bonded together by covalent bonds to form long chains or networks.
 Polymers are classified in many ways. The prime classification based on their
industrial applications: plastics and rubbers
 Plastic polymers are further classified based on the temperature dependence on
the structure
 Thermoplastics: plastics which softens up oh heating and hardens up on cooling,
the softening and hardening are totally reversible
─ Thermoplastics can be recycled
─ E.g., PP, PE, PET, nylon, PVC, etc.
 Thermosets: A cross-linked polymers that form 3D networks, hence are strong and
rigid
─ Thermosets cannot be recycled
─ E.g., epoxy, polyamides, phenotics
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November 28, 2024 Continued
Ceramics 14
 Elastomers: These polymers are known for their high elongation, which are
reversible upon release of applied loads.
─ E.g., rubbers, silicones, polyurthanes

 General properties of POLYMERS

 Light density
 High elongation under the applied stress
 Low electrical and thermal conductivities
 Low hardness and low strength
 Low temperature in use
 Very unreactive

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 Ceramics

 In ceramics, different types of bonding mechanism can occur:

 Ionic: e.g. in oxides and silicates (Al2O3, MgO, SiO2 )
 Covalent: e.g. in non-metallic carbides (SiC, WC) and nitride (Si 3N4, BC)

 Based on their applications, ceramics are classified as:

 Traditional ceramics: these are clay based ceramics (silicates, cements,

abrasive & refractories)
 Advanced ceramics: highly purified ceramics (electro-ceramics & structural
ceramics)

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November 28, 2024 Continued
Ceramics 16
 General properties of CERAMIC materials
 Brittle
 High hardness, wear resistance
 High elastic modulus and high melting point
 Low electrical and thermal conductivity
 Relatively lower density compared to metals
 Low thermal shock resistance
 Resistance to high oxidation/corrosion
 Nonmagnetic and low toughness
These properties are, however, not common to ALL CERAMICS!!
 Ceramics as a group, they have a wide range of physical and chemical properties
 Some exceptions: YBa2Cu3O7- (superconductor), partially stabilized zirconia
(high toughness), (Ba, Sr)O.6Fe2O3 (hard
magnet)
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 Composites
 A composite is made by combining two or more individual materials (metals,
polymers and ceramics).
 The composite can be defined as a combination of a matrix and a reinforcement,
whose combination produces properties superior to the individual components.

☞ Composite materials can be classified into many groups

①depending on the orientation of phases, such as particle
reinforced, fiber reinforced, etc.
②depending on the matrix; metal matrix, polymer matrix,
ceramic matrix

Fiberglass
 Glass fibers composites, small glass fibers are embedded
within a polymeric material (epoxy or polyester)

 E.g., Cement concrete, Fiberglass, CFRP, etc

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The material property charts: Strength - Density

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 Advanced Materials
 Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed
advanced materials.
 Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials and
nanomaterials.
Semiconductors
 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors and insulators.
 The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the
presence of impurity atoms (dopant).
 P-type semiconductors, holes are the majority of carrier. E.g., III IV V VI
Si doped with boron or gallium, etc. B C N O
 N-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority of carrier. Al Si P S
E.g., Si doped with arsenic, antimony, etc.. Ga Ge As Se
 They are extensively used in electronics device and In Sn Sb Te

computer industries. Tl Pb Bi Po

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 Biomaterials
 Biomaterials are employed in components implanted
into the human body to replace diseased or damaged
body parts.
 The primary requirements of biomaterials:
biocompatibility with body tissue, nontoxic, inert.
 Important material factors: the ability to support the
Shell
force, low friction and wear, reproducibility and cost.
Cup
Hip joints
Ball
 There are a few distinctive requirements of a hip joint:
 High stiffness
 Low wear resistance ball-cup
 Low friction ball-cup
 High lubrication Femoral Stem:
stainless steel, Cr-
 Some more examples of biomaterials that are utilized in Co-Mo alloy,
HDPE
breast implant, heart valves, artificial teeth, kidney dialysis,
knee joints, contact lense,etc.

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 Smart materials
 Smart materials are a group of state of the art materials possessing the adaptive
capabilities to external stimuli.
 Smart materials can be used as:
 Sensor - detects an input signal
 Optical fibers
 Piezoelectric materials
 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) etc.
 Actuator - performs a change in shape, position, natural frequency, mechanical
characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric /magnetic fields
moisture, pH, etc.
 Shape memory alloy
 Piezoelectric ceramics
 Magnetostrictive materials
 Electro/-magneto-rheologic fluids

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 Nanomaterials
 The fundamental properties of matter change at the nanoscale.
 A nanometer (nm) is one billionth (10-9) of a meter.
 For comparison: size of human hair ~ 80 µm
the size of red blood cell ~ 7 µm
the size of hydrogen atom 0.04 nm
 The physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles can be quite different from
those of larger particles of the same substance.
 The properties of materials can be different at nano-scale for two reasons:
 Nanomaterials have a relatively large surface area when compared to the same of
materials produced at large form
 Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior of matter at the nanoscale

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 Decrease in size results in the particles physical – chemical properties changing and,
consequently, the properties of nanomaterials are changed dramatically.

 What is the color of gold?

Size-dependent color of gold

100 nm gold particles 20 nm gold particles 1 nm gold particles

Color = purple-pink Color = red Color = brown-yellow

 Because of these unique and unusual properties, nanomaterials are finding niches
in electronic, biomedical, sporting, energy production, and other industrial
applications.

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 Question ?

THANK YOU!!

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