Normalization in

DBMS

Submit by – Anu
Submitted To – Dr. Dinesh
Gupta
 Definition & Purpose

Understanding Normalization

Normalization is the process of organizing data to

minimize redundancy and improve data integrity. It aids in
efficient data management and helps prevent unwanted
anomalies in data.

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Normalization Forms

First Normal Form (1NF)

1NF requires that all attributes must

contain only atomic values, ensuring
that each field only holds a single
value.
Example of
first normal Table_Product
form :- Product_id colour Price

This table is not in first 1 Black , red Rs. 210

normal form because the
“colour” column contains 2 Green Rs. 150
multiple values.
3 Red Rs.110

4 Green, Red Rs.260

5 Black Rs.100
After decomposing it into first
normal form it looks like:-

Product_id Price Product_id Colour

1 Rs.210
1 Black
2 Rs.150 1 Red
2 Green
3 Rs.110
3 Red
4 Rs.260
4 Green
5 Rs.100 4 Blue
5 black
 Second Normal Form

Rules of 2NF Significance of 2NF

Every non-key attribute must be 2NF helps to further reduce

fully functionally dependent on redundancy by organizing data in
the primary key. This eliminates such a way that it can be
partial dependency and ensures uniquely identified through a
consistency. single key, streamlining database
management.

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SECOND
NORMAL Table purchase detail
FORM :- Customer_id Store_id Location

This table has a composite

primary key i.e. customer id, 1 1 Patna
store id. The non key
attribute is location. In this 1 3 Noida
case location depends on
store id, which is part of the 2 1 Patna
primary key.
3 2 Delhi

4 3 Noida
After decomposing it into
second normal form it looks
like:-
Table Purchase Table Store

Customer_id Store_id Store_id Location

1 1
1 Patna
1 3
2 Delhi
2 1
3 Noida
3 2

4 3
Third Normal Form

Principles of 3NF Importance of 3NF

A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF By enforcing 3NF, databases

and all transitive dependencies ensure that data is stored only
are removed. This means that no once, which minimizes
non-key attribute depends on anomalies during data
another non-key attribute. manipulation and enhances
overall database efficiency.

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THIRD
NORMAL Table Book Details
FORM :- Book_id Genre_id Genre_type Price

In the table, book_id

determines genre_id and 1 1 Fiction 100
genre_id determines genre
types. Therefore book_idd 2 2 Sports 110
determines genre type via
genre_id and we have 3 1 Fiction 120
transitive functional
dependency.
4 3 Travel 130

5 2 Sports 140
After decomposing it into third
normal form it looks like:-

Table Book Table Genre

Book_id Genre_id Price Genre_id Genre type
1 1 100
1 Fiction
2 2 110
2 Sports
3 1 120
3 Travel
4 3 130

5 2 140
Boyce-codd normal
form(BCNF) :-
• It is advance version of 3NF that’s why it is also referred as 3.5NF.
BCNF is stricter than 3NF. A table complies with BCNF if it is in 3NF
and for every functional dependency X->Y, X should be the super key
of the table.
 Student Course Teacher

BCNF :- Aman DBMS AYUSH

 KEY: {Student , Aditya DBMS RAJ

Course}
 Functinal Abhinav E-COMM RAHUL
dependency :
Aman E-COMM RAHUL
{student, course} ->
Teacher Abhinav DBMS RAJ
Teacher-> Course
 Problem: teacher is
not superkey but
determines course.
After decomposing it into
boyce-codd normal form it looks
like :-
Student Course Course Teacher

Aman DBMS DBMS AYUSH

Aditya DBMS DBMS RAJ

Abhinav E-COMM E-COMM RAHUL
Aman E-COMM

Abhinav DBMS
Fourth normal form(4NF):-
• Fourth normal form is a level of database normalization where there
are non-trivial multivalued dependencies other than a candidate key.
• It builds on the first three normal forms (1NF, 2NF,3NF) and the
Boyce-codd Normal Form(BCNF).
 Student Major Hobby
Fourth Normal
Form Aman Management Football

Aman Management Cricket

KEY : {students, majors, Raj Management Football
hobby}
MVD : -> -> Major, hobby Raj Medical Football

Ram Management Cricket

Aditya Btech Football

Abhinav Btech Cricket

After decomposing it into fourth
normal form it look like:-

Student Major Student Hobby

Aman Management Aman Football

Raj Management Aman Cricket

Raj Medical Raj Football

Ram Management Ram Cricket

Aditya Btech Aditya Football

Abhinav Btech Abhinav Cricket

FIFTH NORMAL FORM(5NF)
• A database is said to be in 5NF if and only if,
• It’s in 4NF
• If we decomposed table further to eliminate redundancy and anomaly
when we re-join the decomposed tables by means of candidates keys,
we should not be losing the original data or any new record set
should not arise.
• In simple words, joining two or more decomposed table should not
lose records nor create new records.
FIFTH
NORMAL Seller Company Product

FORM Aman Coca cola company Thumps Up

Aditya Unilever Ponds

 KEY : {Seller, company,
Aditya Unilever Axe
product}
 MVD : Seller -> -> Aditya Unilever Lakme
Company, product
 Product is related to Abhinav P&G Vicks
company
Abhinav Pepsico Pepsi
After decomposing it into fifth
normal form it looks like:-

Seller Product Seller Comapny

Aman Thumps Up
Aman Coca cola company
Aditya Ponds
Aditya Axe Aditya Unilever

Aditya Lakme
Abhinav P&G
Abhinav Vicks
Abhinav Pepsico
Abhinav Pepsi
Company Product

Coca cola company Thumps Up

Unilever Ponds

Unilever Axe

Unilever Lakme

Pepsico Pepsi

P&G Vicks
Normalization Process

Step Description Example

1NF Ensure atomicity Breaking down data

2NF Remove partial keys Separate tables

3NF Eliminate transitive dependencies Final adjustments

Benefits of Normalization

Data Integrity Efficiency in Queries Reduced Redundancy

Normalization helps maintain Normalized databases generally By organizing data efficiently,

accuracy and consistency of allow for faster retrieval of data normalization minimizes the
data, preventing data anomalies as they eliminate unnecessary amount of duplicate data stored
during data manipulation. data duplication. in the database.
Summary of Benefits

40% 30% 20% 10%

Importance of Minimizing
Data Integrity Duplication Faster Queries Simplified Updates
Normalization significantly It prevents duplicate data Normalization allows for A normalized database
improves overall data storage which in turn faster data retrieval and structure is easier to
integrity by minimizing optimizes storage and more efficient query maintain and manage,
redundancy and potential reduces update anomalies. execution due to reducing the potential for
inconsistencies. streamlined data errors.
structures.
Thank you