Lecture-5

Power System Analysis

Lecture on
Load Flow Analysis
 Lecture Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:

1) Identify the bus impedance matrix of a power system model.

2) Deduce the load flow equation for different methods such as
Gauss Seidal, Newton Raphson etc.
3) Solve complex engineering problems related to load flow
analysis using different methods.
4) Distinguish between different methods of load flow analysis.
 Source Conversion
Equivalence of Sources

A constant emf and series impedance can be replaced by a constant

current source and shunt impedance if the shunt impedance is identical
to the series impedance and if the constant current equal to the value of
the emf divided by its series impedance.

Conversely, a constant-current source and shunt impedance can be

replaced by a constant emf and series impedance if the emf equal to
the product of the constant current and the shunt impedance and if the
series impedance equals the shunt impedance.
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
 Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
As an example for a four bus system as shown in Fig. 7.2. The reactance
diagram is shown in Fig. 7.3. The Fig. 7.4 illustrated the equivalent
circuit of Fig. 7.3 by replacing all voltage source by current sources and
impedance by admittance.

Circuit of Fig. 7.3 with current sources replacing the equivalent

voltage sources. Values shown are admittances in per unit.
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
 Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
For node 1 we can write the current
equation using KCL as:

According to this figure:

 Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
Similarly, for node 2 we can write the
current equation using KCL as:
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
 Bus Impedance Matrix [Z]
The bus admittance matrix Ybus matrix can be inverted and called the
resultant matrix the bus impedance matrix Zbus.
 Homework
Make the admittance matrix , Ybus, for the following
networks.
 Homework
Make the admittance matrix , Ybus, for the following
networks.
 Load/Power Flow Studies
The analysis in normal steady-state operation is
called a power-flow study or load-flow study.

From a load flow study the following information are obtained:

 the magnitude (|V|), and phase angle (δ) of voltage at each
bus,
 the real (P) and reactive (Q) power flowing in each bus.
The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and
account for various hypothetical situations.

The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and account for
various hypothetical situations.

For instance, what if a transmission line within the power system

properly supplying loads must be taken off line for maintenance. Can
the remaining lines in the system handle the required loads without
exceeding their rated parameters?
 Basic Steps of Load Flow Calculation

The simplest way to perform power-flow calculations is by

iteration:
1. Create a bus admittance matrix Ybus for the power
system;
2. Make an initial estimate for the voltages at each bus in
the system;
3. Update the voltage estimate for each bus (one at a
time), based on the estimates for the voltages and power
flows at every other bus and the values of the bus
admittance matrix.
4. Repeat this process to make the voltages at each bus approaching the
correct answers closer and closer
 Basic Steps of Load Flow Calculation

The equations used to update the estimates differ for different types of
busses.

At each node or bus two of the variables are specified as input and two
are unknowns
Voltage magnitude: │V│
Phase angle: δ
Net real power injected: P
Net reactive power injected: Q
 Bus Type Classification

Load / PQ Generator / PV Slack / Swing/

Bus Bus Infinite / Vδ
Bus
 Bus Type Classification

Load / PQ
Bus

 real and reactive power are specified, and for

which the bus voltage will be calculated.
 Power supplied > positive
 Power consumed > negative
 All busses having no generators are load
busses.
 Bus Type Classification

Generator / PV
Bus

 the voltage is kept constant by adjusting the field current

of a synchronous generator on the bus.
 we can control and specify the magnitude of the bus
voltage and real power supplied.
 Bus Type Classification

Slack / Swing/ Infinite / Vδ

Bus

 A special generator bus serving as the reference bus for the

power system. Its voltage is assumed to be fixed in both magnitude
and phase (for instance, 1∠0˚ pu).
 The real and reactive powers are uncontrolled: the bus supplies
whatever real or reactive power is necessary to make the power
flows in the system balance.
 The controls on the swing generator will be set up to maintain a
constant voltage and frequency, allowing P and Q to increase or
decrease as loads change.
Load/Power Flow Studies
Load Flow Calculations
 Load Flow Calculations

The above two equations of real and reactive power constitute the
polar form of the power-flow equations; they provide calculated
values for the net real power Pk and reactive power Qk entering the
network at typical bus k.
Load Flow Calculations
 Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example 6.9 [Ref. 3, p. 307] Fig, 6.2 shows a single-line diagram of
a five bus power system. Input Data are given in Table 6.1, 6.2 and
6.3. As shown in Table 6.1, bus 1, to which a generator is connected,
is the swing bus. Bus 3, to which a generator and a load are
connected, is a voltage cotrolled (or PV) bus. Buses 2, 4, and 5 are
load buses. Note that the loads at bus 2 and 3 are inductive since
Q2= - QL2= - 2.8 and - QL3= - 0.4 are negative. For each bus k,
determine which of the variables Vk, δk, Pk, and Qk are input data and
which are unknowns. Also, compute the elements of the second row
of Ybus.
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
 Gauss Seidel Method
The basic procedure of Gauss-Siedel iterative method is

1) Calculate the bus admittance matrix Ybus including the admittances

of all transmission lines, transformers, etc., between busses but
exclude the admittances of the loads or generators themselves.
2) Select a slack bus: one of the busses in the power system, whose
voltage will arbitrarily be assumed as 1.0∠0˚.
3) Select initial estimates for all bus voltages: usually, the voltage at
every load bus assumed as 1.0∠0˚ (flat start) lead to good
convergence.
4) Write voltage equations for every other bus in the system. The
generic form is:
 Gauss Seidel Method
The basic procedure of Gauss-Siedel iterative method is

5) Calculate an updated estimate of the voltage at each load bus in succession using
(8.5) except for the slack bus.

6) Compare the differences between the old and new voltage estimates: if the differences

are less than some specified tolerance for all busses, stop. Otherwise, repeat step 5
 Gauss Seidel Method
Acceleration Factor: the rate of convergence is increased by applying an
acceleration factor to the approx. solution obtained from each iteration. For kth
bus, the acceleration value of the voltage at the (i+1)th iteration is given by,
 Gauss Seidel Method
7) Confirm that the resulting solution is reasonable: a valid solution typically has bus
voltages, whose phases range in less than 45˚ and the difference between nearby
buses less than about 10˚ and often very small.

At a bus where voltage magnitude rather than reactive power is

specified [PV or generator bus], the real and imaginary
components of the voltage for each iteration are found by first
computing a value for the reactive power from Eq. (8.5)
 Example of Gauss Seidel Method

Follow the Lecture Sheet # 3

(Load Flow Analysis Lecture Sheet)
 References
[1] Willaim D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis, Fouth Edition,
McGraw-Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Inc.
[2] John J. Grainger, William D. Steevnson, Jr., Power System Analysis,
McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and Conputer Engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc.
[3] J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sharma, Thomas J. Overbye, Power System
Analysis and Design, Fouth Edition (India Edition), Course Technology Cengage
Learning
[4] Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited [5] I J Nagrath, D P Lothari, Modern Power System Analysis, Second
Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Liited
[6] V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, Principles of Power System, Multicolor Illustrative
Edition, S. Chand and Company Limited

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