1.
1 Science is Part of Daily Life
• Science is the _____________________ about things that happen in nature.
• Things that happen in nature are called _____________________________.
• Natural phenomenon :-
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The Importance of Science in Our Daily Life
• Invent machine to help us to _________________ and more efficiently.
• ________________ the production of food.
• Provide __________________ and _________________ facilities.
• Design things that are ________________ to use.
• Find new sources of ________________.
• In medical field, discoveries of ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________ enabled
humans to lead healthier and longer life.
Three Main Branches of Studies
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
Field and Careers in Science
Field Study of Examples
Biology Living things Zoology, botany,
microbiology, physiology
Physics Characteristics of matter and energy Engineering, electricity
Chemistry Matter and its reactions Pharmacology, toxicology,
forensics
Geology Rocks, soils and minerals Geochemistry,
geophysics,
geomorphology
Astronomy The moon, stars, planets, the Sun, and Astrophysics
other objects in space
Meteorology Weather and climate change Hydrometeorology
1.2 Your Science Laboratory
For Containing, Collecting and Transferring Chemicals
Test tube = Beaker = Containing,
Boiling tube = used
Containing small Mixing and heating
for heating
amount of large amount of
chemicals
chemicals chemicals
Round-bottom
Conical flask =
flask =
Containing,
containing Gas jar = used
Mixing and
chemicals used for collecting
heating large
in preparing gas
amount of
gases when
chemicals
heating
For Measuring the Volume of Liquids
Burette =
Pipette = measuring
Measuring cylinder Measuring the
a fixed volume of
= measuring the volume of liquids to
liquid to place into
volume of liquids an accuracy of
another container
0.1cm³
For Filtering and Evaporating
Filter funnel = Evaporating dish =
used for Used for evaporating
separating excess solvents to
insoluble solids produce concentrated
from liquids solutions
For Heating
Crucible = Tripod stand =
Bunsen burner =
heating solids to supporting
supply flame for
extremely high apparatus during
heating
temperature heating
Wire gauze =
Test tube holder =
allow even
Used for holding a test
distribution of
tube when it is hot
heat
For Holding and Supporting Apparatus
Retort stand and Test tube holder
clamp = holding = holding test
apparatus during tubes in a vertical
experiments position
• Science laboratory is the place where science ________________ are
conducted.
• We should follow all the ____________ and ___________________ when
working in the laboratory.
• We must be able to recognize some standard _______________ symbols and
dangerous substances to avoid any laboratory accidents.
Symbol of Hazardous Materials in the Laboratory
Symbol and Meaning Safety Measures Examples
Keep them in _________________
_________ and avoid mixing with
water or other chemicals.
Do not ______________ these
substances. This can cause
______________ and ________ if
swallowed.
Symbol and Meaning Safety Measures Examples
Avoid direct _____________ with
these substances. If accidentally
spilt on skin, _________________
___________________________.
Keep away from ___________ and
_________ sources.
Symbol and Meaning Safety Measures Examples
Use them in __________________
as their vapour or fume can hurt
the _________________________
____________.
These materials produce harmful
______________ which can cause
____________, so must keep
them in ___________ containers.
Rules and Safety Measures in the Laboratory
1) Things You Should Do :-
Read the instruction first and understand them before starting your
experiment
Report all accidents, injuries, breakage and spillage to your teacher
immediately
Always keep the laboratory clean
Return the apparatus to their proper places after cleaning
Turn off all the taps and switches before leaving the laboratory
Put out flame of burning materials with water before disposing them into
the dustbin.
Always check the labels on the bottles to make sure that you are using the
correct chemicals.
Always wear safety goggles when heating chemicals.
Rules and Safety Measures in the Laboratory
2) Things You Should Avoid :-
X No student is allowed to enter the laboratory and the storeroom without
the teacher’s permission
X Do not eat, drink, play or run in the laboratory
X Do not throw any solid waste into the sink
X Do not remove any apparatus or chemical from the laboratory without
the teacher’s permission
X Do not taste any chemicals unless otherwise instructed by the teacher
X When heating substances in a test tube, never point the mouth of the test
tube towards yourself or anyone else.
X Do not directly touch any chemical with your hand
X Do not heat flammable substances without the use of water bath.
1.3 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
Physical quantities are ____________________________________________
Base quantities are quantities that cannot be derived from other physical
quantities.
Base Quantities SI Unit Symbol
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Electric current
Prefixes
Prefixes Symbols Standard Form Value
Pico
Nano
Micro
Milli
Centi
Deci
Kilo
Mega
Giga
Tera
Conversion of Units
a) 69km = _________________m
b) 2.5kg = _________________g
c) 3500g = ________________kg
d) 12min = _________________s
e) 65mm = ________________m
f) 0.041Mg = ______________kg
g) 643mg = _______________kg
h) 3.86ms = _______________ns
i) 6.37Gm = _______________m
j) 6.37km = ______________ʮm
k) 44mA = _________________A
l) 2.15 x 10³km = ____________________m
m) 2.15 x 10⁸ nm = ___________________m
1.4 THE USE OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS,
ACCURACY, CONSISTENCY, SENSITIVITY AND ERRORS
• Consistency is the _______________ of an instrument to measure in a
______________ manner.
• Accuracy is how close a ________________________ is to the ____________
___________.
• Sensitivity is the ______________ of an instrument to detect _____________
_______________ in the quantity measured.
Using the Right Measuring Instruments
Physical Definition S.I Unit Measuring
Quantities Instruments
Length Distance between ________
__________
Mass Amount of _____________ in an
object
Time The measured ___________
between two moments
Temperature Degree of ___________ of an
object
Electric current Rate of flow of electric charge
Volume Amount of space of an object
Using Measuring Instruments with Higher Accuracy – Vernier Calipers
Micrometer Screw Gauge
How to use?
1) Turn the thimble
until the object is
gripped gently
between the anvil
and spindle.
2) Turn the ratchet
knob until a ‘click’
sound is heard. This
is to prevent
exerting too much
pressure on the
object measured.
3) Take the reading
How to Minimise Systematic Errors?
Error is the difference between the _______________________ and the
_____________________ of a quantity
Systematic errors are the errors caused by ____________________ or changes
in the environment during measurement
Examples of systematics errors : _____________________________________
To correct zero errors :
Systematic errors caused by the defect in an instrument can be avoided by
choosing the correct measuring instrument and by checking the instrument if
it is in good condition before using it.
Experiments can be repeated by using different instruments.
Experiments should be carried out with care
How to Minimise Random Errors?
Random errors are the errors in measurement caused by the ______________
when taking measurements.
Examples of random errors :-
1) _________________________________
2) _________________________________
How to reduce random errors :-
1) The eye is place
_________________ to the scale of
the measuring instrument
2) Repeated readings should be taken
to get the average reading. Any
reading that is too high or too low
must be eliminated before
calculating the average reading.
Making an Estimation before Taking the Actual Measurement
1.5 DENSITY
Density is defined as the _________________________________ of an object
Unit : ___________________
The mass of an object can easily be determined using a __________________
or a ____________________
The volume of an object can be determined using the ____________________
Buoyancy of a matter refers to whether the matter floats or sinks in another
matter. The bigger the density, the lower its _________________.
A solid that has _______________________ than the density of a liquid will
float on the surface of the liquid.
A solid that has a ______________________ than the density of a liquid will
sink in the liquid.
Differences in Density in Everyday Life
Oil is less dense than seawater, so it will float on the surface of seawater.
The density of the Dead Sea is very high, that we can float easily on it.
Timber is less dense than water, so it floats in water. Timber is transported by
rivers to factories which are built on the river banks.
Floats help beginners to float in the water when learning to swim. Air in the
float makes the float less dense than water.
Ice is less dense than water, so ice will float in water.
Balloons filled with helium gas float in the air because the density of helium
gas is lower than the density of air.
Entrepreneurs nowadays are very creative and innovative. A variety of foods
and drinks that use the concept of differences in density have been created to
attract consumers. Example, layered drinks with an array of coloured layers
look beautiful and impress the consumers.
1.6 STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
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Variables :
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
1.7 SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES & VALUE
Realise that science is a means to understand the nature
Appreciate the God’s gift
Flexible and open-minded
Appreciate the contribution of science and technology
Be responsible about the safety of oneself, others and the environment
Interested and curious towards the environment
Systematic, confident and ethical
Honest and accurate in recording and validating data
Diligent and persistent in carrying out a task
Cooperative
Virtuous
Appreciate and practice clean and healthy living
