INTRODUCTION
PROKARYOTI
C
DIVERSITY
PROKARYOTES
These are small, single-celled
organisms whose cells lack a
nucleus and other organelles.
Prokaryote Habitats,
Relationships &
Microbiomes
Ubiquitous (found everywhere)
Abundant on and in the human body
Convert CO2 to organic carbon
products (Carbon fixation)
Convert nitrogen to ammonia
(Nitrogen fixation)
Prokaryote Habitats,
Relationships &
CleansMicrobiomes
environment (Bioremediation)
Less that 1% are pathogens
Live in a community or group of interacting
populations of organisms.
A population is a group of organisms of the same
species and limited to a certain
geographic area.
Prokaryote Habitats,
Relationships &
Populations Microbiomes
can have cooperative interactions,
which benefit the populations, or competitive
interactions, in which one population competes
with another for resources.
The study of these interactions between
populations is called microbial ecology.
Prokaryote Habitats,
Relationships &
Any interaction
Microbiomes
between different species
within a community is called symbiosis.
SYMBIOTIC POPULATION A POPULATION B
RELATIONSHIP
MUTUALISM Benefited Benefited
AMENSALISM Harmed Unaffected
COMMENSALISM Benefited Unaffected
NEUTRALISM Unaffected Unaffected
PARASITISM Benefited Harmed
Prokaryote Habitats,
Relationships &
Microbiome Microbiomes
refers to all prokaryotic and
eukaryotic microorganisms that are associated
with a certain organism.
Within the human microbiome, there are
resident microbiota (constantly live in or on our
bodies) and transient microbiota (temporarily
found in the human body).
Prokaryotic Bacteria Can
Be Classified as:
Gram Positive Bacteria has thick cell wall
(peptidoglycan) which retains crystal violet dye
after gram staining and appears purple.
Gram Negative Bacteria has thin cell wall
(peptidoglycan) and appear pink after gram
staining and more resistant to anti-bodies!
Prokaryote Habitats,
Relationships &
Microbiomes
Scientists have begun to further classify gram-
negative and gram-positive bacteria.
They classify gram-negative bacteria into
Proteobacteria, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-
Bacteroides (CFB), and Spirochetes.
CARL WOESE
The American microbiologist who suggested that a
large and diverse group of bacteria that he called
“purple bacteria and their relatives” should be
defined as a separate phylum within the domain
Bacteria based on the similarity of the nucleotide
sequences in their genome.
This phylum of gram-negative bacteria
subsequently received the name Proteobacteria.
PROTEOBACTERIA
The most important phylum of
Gram-negative bacteria. They
include a wide variety of
pathogenic genera. It is also
known as Pseudomonadota!
5 Classes of
Proteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria
ALPHAPROTEOBACTERI
A organisms that
They are oligotrophs,
lives in low-nutrient environment.
Some members of this group
(Chlamydia’s and rickettsia’s) are
obligate intracellular pathogens,
found inside other cells called
host cells.
EXAMPLES
Agrobacterium, Bartonella, Brucella,
Caulobacter, Coxiella, Ehrlichia,
Hyphomicrobium, Methylocystis, Rhizobium,
BETAPROTEOBACTERIA
They are eutrophs (or copiotrophs),
meaning that they require a copious
amount of organic nutrients. They
often grow between aerobic and
anaerobic areas.
EXAMPLES
Bordetella, Burkholderia,
Leptothrix, Neisseria,
Thiobacillus
GAMMAPROTEOBACTE
RIA
The most diverse class of
gram-negative bacteria, and
includes a number of
human pathogens.
EXAMPLES
Beggiatoa, Enterobacter, Erwinia,
Escherichia, Hemophilus, Klebsiella,
Legionella, Methylomonas, Proteus,
DELTAPROTEOBACTERI
A
A small class of gram-negative
Proteobacteria that includes
sulfate-reducing bacteria
(SRBs).
EXAMPLES
Bdellovibrio, Desulfovibrio, and
Myxobacterium
EPSILONPROTEOBACTERI
A
The smallest class of Proteobacteria.
They are microaerophilic bacterium
(meaning they only require small
amounts of oxygen in their
environment)
EXAMPLES
Campylobacter
and
NONPROTEOBACTER
IA
Chlamydia
Spirochetes
Cytophaga,Fusobacterium,and
Bacteroides (CFB) group
Planctomycetes
NONPROTEOBACTER
IA
1. Chlamydia- obligate intracellular
pathogens
2. Spirochetes- Highly motile, using
their axial filament to propel
themselves
NONPROTEOBACTER
IA
3. CFB Group- classified together
because they share some
similarities in the sequence of
nucleotides in their DNA.
CFB GROUP
Cytophaga
-Motile aquatic bacteria that glide.
Fusobacterium
-Inhabit the human mouth
Bacteroides (largest genus of the CFB
group)
-Prevalent inhabitants of the human
large intestine
NONPROTEOBACTER
IA
4. Plantomycetes- Found in
aquatic environments inhabiting
freshwater, saltwater, and
brackish water.
PHOTOTROPHIC
BACTERIA
Large and diverse group that use
sunlight (solar energy) as their
primary source of energy to
synthesize ATP through
photosynthesis.
PHOTOTROPHIC
BACTERIA
Includes the purple or green bacteria
that perform photosynthesis with the
help of bacteriochlorophylls (green,
purple, or blue pigments similar to
chlorophyll in plants).
PHOTOTROPHIC
BACTERIA
1. Purple sulfur bacteria
Oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric
acid.
They use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon
Includes Chromatium
2. Green sulfur bacteria
Use sulfide for oxidation and produce large amounts of green
bacteriochlorophyll.
Includes Chlorobium
PHOTOTROPHIC
BACTERIA
3. Purple nonsulfur bacteria
Use hydrogen rather than hydrogen sulfide for oxidation.
Are facultative anaerobes
Can metabolize (“fix”) nitrogen
Includes Rhodospirillum
4. Green nonsulfur bacteria
Similar to green sulfur bacteria but they use substrates other than
sulfides for oxidation.
Performs anoxygenic photosynthesis using organic sulfites or
molecular hydrogen as electron donors.
Includes Chloroflexus
PHOTOTROPHIC
Cyanobacteria BACTERIA
Species of this group perform oxygenic
photosynthesis using chlorophyll a, producing
megatons of gaseous oxygen.
Can fix nitrogen (nitrogen fixation) by converting
molecular nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates that
other bacteria, plants, and animals can use.
GRAM-POSITIVE
BACTERIA
There are 2 distinct groups of gram-
positive bacteria:
1. High G+C gram-positive bacteria
2. Low G+C gram-positive bacteria
High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria
These bacteria have more than 50%
guanine and cytosine nucleotides in
their DNA. The class Actinobacteria
comprises high G+C gram-positive
bacteria.
High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria
These bacteria have more than 50%
guanine and cytosine nucleotides in
their DNA. The class Actinobacteria
comprises high G+C gram-positive
bacteria.
High G+C (Gram +) Bacteria Includes:
Actinomyces
Play an important role in soil ecology and
some species are human pathogens.
Mycobacterium
Have a waxy, mycolic acid coat that protects
the bacteria from some antibiotics, prevents
them from drying out, and blocks penetration
by Gram stain reagents.
High G+C (Gram +) Bacteria Includes:
Corynebacterium
Most are nonpathogenic
C. diptheria is the causative agent of
diphtheria.
Low G+C (Gram +) Bacteria Includes:
Have less than 50% guanine and
cytosine in their DNA.
Includes several genera of bacteria
that are pathogenic.
Low G+C (Gram +) Bacteria Includes:
Clostridia
The best studied genus of this class is
Clostridium. Obligate anaerobes that
produce endospores
Low G+C (Gram +) Bacteria Includes:
Lactobacillales
Include both bacilli and cocci in the
genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc,
Enterococus, and Streptococcus.
Deeply Branching Bacteria
