CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
 CONTENT OUTLINE
• Definition of Port
• The Purpose and Organization of Ports
• Evolution of the Port Environment
• Types of Ownerships
 1. DEFINITION OF PORT

• Ports are not just seaports.

• In some countries such as the USA, the term port
usually includes airports and sometimes inter-modal
facilities such as railway and road connections.
• Today, ports are not only a transfer points between
sea and land but also serve as distribution, logistics,
and production centers.
• Ports can also serve leisure, fishing, and/or military
ships
 Cont…
• The term port simply can be defined as “The
interface between land and a sea or
• a waterway connection providing facilities and
services to commercial ships and their cargo,
• as well as the associated multimodal,
distribution and logistics activities.”
 Cont…
• A port is a place characterized by the essential
functions of exchanging cargo between the ship and
the shore (land at the edge of the water).
• And it can be seen as a special node located in such a
way as to facilitate connectivity between interacting
places.
• A port can also be viewed as a transshipment place
where feeder shipping routes are connected with one
another and with trunk (main road with a high
volume of traffic) routes for ocean-going voyages.
Port image
 Cont…
• Transshipment: it occurs when containers
(cargoes) are first unloaded from a ship and then
loaded to another ship at the same Container
Terminal (CT).
• This is often the case due to physical and economic
constraints
• i.e. large container ships requiring more space and
depths, shipping line operational strategies such as
feeder and hub operation for smaller ships/ports
and larger ships/ports, respectively
Transhipment image
 Cont…
• Anchorage- is a place to hold boats secure. It
is a place in or near a harbor where boat/ships
are moored/ securely parked. Barge a freight
boat along narrow flat-bottomed.
 Cont..
• Dry port concept is an intermodal transportation system,
itself is an IIT (Inland Intermodal Terminal) connected by
high capacity mode with additional services located inland.
• In a dry port concept the maximum possible amount of
freight transportation is accomplished by rail between the
dry port and the seaport.
• Only the final leg of the door-to-door transportation is
carried out by road transport.
• In an optimal dry port implementation the whole freight
transportation between seaport and dry port is carried out
by rail.
2. The Purpose and Organization of Ports

• Ports are very dissimilar in their assets, roles,

functions and institutional organization, and even
within a single port the activities or services that are,
or could be, performed are broad in scope and nature.
• On the one hand, ports have been defined through a
macro-analytical approach as being geographical,
physical and corporate assets.
• Here the word port often refers to waterway
connections, relating to sea, lake, river, inland
waterways and/or canal locations
 Cont…
• Port roles and functions are identified through
political, geographical (urban and spatial),
economic and social perspectives.
• From a public policy perspective, ports are
seen as critical trade and transport
infrastructure facilities and as economic and
development catalysts for the nations or
regions they serve.
 Cont….
• Along with their economic and social impacts, ports
play a major role in a country‘s logistical and trade
efficiency.
• Because they are controllable aspects of global
supply chains, ports deserve particular attention.
• Excessive costs and inefficiencies hinder trade and
economic development.
• The relative costs imposed at ports are influenced by
a number of factors such as low cargo volumes, trade
imbalances, long distances, poor inland transport
links, fragmented logistics and supply chains, and
 Cont….
• On the other hand, ports have been analyzed from a
micro-perspective approach in terms of sets of
activities and operations shaping a port‘s roles and
functional dimensions.
• considers them as facilities where vessel
maintenance and cargo/passenger transfer is ensured,
• the port role beyond ship/cargo handling, storage
approach perceives
• ports should allow sustainable development and
waterfront regeneration.
 3. Evolution of the Port Environment

• Ports have developed in different ways with a

combination of trade, economic, spatial, political,
social, and even cultural and military influences,
• and no clear pattern of port development exists. Ports
have also transformed from labor-intensive merchant
ports into capital and technology-intensive enterprises.
• Since the industrial revolution, ports have progressed
into become manufacturing sites moving vast
quantities of goods and commodities and using larger
and expensive equipment.
 Cont…
• Following the process of containerization and
the growing specialization of ships and
terminals, ports became even more capital and
technology intensive with sophisticated
handling equipment and technological systems
being deployed across modern ports and
terminals.
 Cont…
• UNCTAD’s ‘port generation’s model’ is
another widely quoted reference describing the
evolution of world ports and terminals.
• First and Second generation ports, relating to
ship/shore and industrial interfaces,
respectively, operate bulk and break bulk
cargo in a traditional manner, with the second
generation ports relying more on capital than
labor.
 Cont…
• Third generation ports are the product of the
unitization of sea-trade and multimodal cargo
packaging (mainly in the form of containers)
• which has led to the development of ports as
logistics and inter-modal centers offering
value-added services, with technology and
know-how being the major determining
factors.
 Cont…
• Fourth-generation ports are mainly the result
of recent vertical and horizontal integration
strategies and are identified as being separated
geographically but with common operators or
administration
model
Types of Ownerships
Cont…
responsibility
anchorage