Web

Introduction and Web Development Strategies, History of Web and

Internet, Protocols Governing Web
 Introduction
• Web Technology refers to the various tools and techniques that are utilized in
the process of communication between different types of devices over the
internet.
• A web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as
programs that display text, data, pictures, animation, and video on the
Internet.
• Linked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software
interfaces provided by Web browsers.
• Web technology can be classified is different sections:
• World Wide Web (WWW): networked information system that provides a
simple way of browsing different types (text, pictures, video, audio, etc.) of
information on the Internet using hyperlinks.
 Introduction contd.
• Web Browser: The web browser is an application software to explore www
(World Wide Web). It provides an interface between the server and the client
and requests to the server for web documents and services. Some web
browsers are Google chrome, Mozilla, Microsoft edge, Opera etc.
• Web Server: computer running application software that listens and responds
to a client computer’s request made through a web browser.
• Web Pages: A webpage is a digital document that is linked to the World Wide
Web and viewable by anyone connected to the internet has a web browser.
A website is a collection of webpages.
• Web Development: Web development refers to the building, creating, and
maintaining of websites.
 Web Development Strategies
• It is the creation of an application that works over the internet i.e. websites.
• Web development is done in two ways:
• Frontend Development: The Part of the website that the user interacts
directly is termed as front end. Also refers as ‘client-side’ of the application.
• What makes front end?
a. HTML
b. CSS
c. JavaScript
d. AJAX (much more).
• Backend Development: It is referred as ‘server-side’ of the application.
 Web Development Strategies contd.
• The back end portion is built by using some languages. Some are mentioned
below:
a. Java
b. PHP
c. Python
d. Ruby
e. Node.js
f. DBMS
 History of Web
• Web basically refers WWW (World Wide Web): is a global information
medium which users can access via computers connected to the internet.
• Tim Berners-Lee, an English independent contractor at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland is known as Father
of Web.
• He initially built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software
models, each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to a
page.
• Physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked
common machines and any shared presentation software.
• In 1989, WWW was introduced and in 1991, The Web goes public.
• In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working
Web:
• HTTP, HTML, Web editor (first web browser), first web server(http://
info.cern.ch)
 History of Internet
• Collection of interconnected networks.
• The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to share
information.
• Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to make use of
information stored in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site of
the computer or have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional
postal system.
• The Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S. Defense
Department to consider ways information could still be disseminated even
after a nuclear attack. This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the network that ultimately
evolved into what we now know as the Internet.
 History of Internet contd.
• ARPANET was a great success but membership was limited to certain
academic and research organizations who had contracts with the Defense
Department.
• January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to
this, the various computer networks did not have a standard way to
communicate with each other. A new communications protocol was
established called Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP).
This allowed different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to
each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to
the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the Internet. All
networks could now be connected by a universal language.
 Protocols Governing Web
• Web Protocols: Web protocols are set of rules followed by everyone communicating
over the web.
• Protocols are required to set common standard for communication over the internet.
• Some internet protocols are:
a. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
designed to enable communications between clients and servers.
HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server because the
communication between browser and server takes place in request and response pairs.
b. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• TCP is a connection oriented protocol and offers end-to-end packet delivery. It acts as
back bone for connection. It exhibits the following key features:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) corresponds to the Transport Layer of OSI
Model.
• TCP is a reliable and connection oriented protocol.
 Protocols Governing Web contd.
c. Internet Protocol (IP):Internet Protocol is connectionless and unreliable
protocol. It ensures no guarantee of successfully transmission of data.
• In order to make it reliable, it must be paired with reliable protocol such as
TCP at the transport layer.
d. File Transfer Protocol (FTP):FTP is used to copy files from one host to
another. FTP offers the mechanism for the same in following manner:
• FTP creates two processes such as Control Process and Data Transfer Process
at both ends i.e. at client as well as at server.
• FTP establishes two different connections: one is for data transfer and other is
for control information.
• FTP uses port 21 for the control connection and Port 20 for the data
connection.
 Protocols Governing Web contd.
e. Telnet: Telnet is a protocol used to log in to remote computer on the internet.
There are a number of Telnet clients having user friendly user interface. The
following diagram shows a person is logged in to computer A, and from there,
he remote logged into computer B.
Thank You