Programming In C

Control
Statements

Objectives of these slides:

 to introduce the main kinds
of C control flow
 Control Structures
 There may be situations where
the programmer requires to alter
normal flow of execution of
program or to perform the same
operation a no. of times.
 Various control statements
supported by c are-
 Decision control statements
 Loop control statements
 Decision Control
 Statements
Decision control statements alter the normal
sequential execution of the statements of the
program depending upon the test condition
to be carried out at a particular point in
program.
 Decision control statements supported by c
are:-
 if statement
 if-else statement
 Else if Ladder
 Nested If
 switch statement
 Decision Control Statements
 if statement
 Most simple and powerful decision control
statement.
 It executes a statement or block of statements
only if the condition is true.
 Syntax: if (condition) if (condition)
{ OR {
statement (s); statement
1;
} statement 2;
Next statement; }
statement 3;
 In above syntax : if condition is true only then
the statements within the block are executed
otherwise next statement in sequence is
executed.
 Flowchart /* Program to check whether a no. is even *
# include<stdio.h>

False void main()

Condition {
int num;
True
printf(“enter the number”);
Block of
if scanf(“%d”,&num)
if(num%2==0)
Next
statement {
printf(“\n Number is even”);
STOP
}
printf(“ End of program”);
}
 if – else statement
 In case of if statement, the block of statements is
executed only when the condition is true otherwise the
control is transferred to the next statement following if
block.
 But if specific statements are to be executed in both
cases (either condition is true or false) then if – else
statement is used.
 In if – else statement a block of statements are
executed if the condition is true but a different block
of statements is executed when the conditionFalseis false.
Test
 Syntax: if (condition) Condition
{
statement 1; True
statement 2; Block of if Block of else
}
else Next statement
{
statement 3; STOP
}
 Exercise: WAP to check whether a given
no. is even or odd?
Nested if – else statement
 When an entire if-else is enclosed within the
body of if statement or/and in the body of
else statement, it is known as nested if-else
statement.
 The ways of
if representing
else nested if –else are-
if (condition1)
if
(condition1) (condition1) {
statement 1;
if (condition 3)
{ {
statement 3; else
if if else
{
(condition2) (condition2) statement 4;
} if (condition2)
statement
statement 1; 1; statement 2;

else else else

statement statement 3;
statement 2; 2;
}
 If- else- if ladder
 In a program involving multiple conditions,
the nested if else statements makes the
program very difficult to write and understand
if nested more deeply.
 For this ,we use if-else-if ladder.
false
condition 1
 Syntax: if (condition1)
false
statement1; condition 2
true
else if(condition2) false
Statement 1 true condition 3
statement2;
else if(condition3) Statement 2 true

statement 3; Statement 3
else
Default statemen
default statement;
Next statement
 Switch statement
 Switch is a multi-way decision making statement
which selects one of the several alternatives based
on the value of single variable or expression.
 It is mainly used to replace multiple if-else-if
statement.
 The if-else-if statement causes performance
degradation as several conditions need to be
evaluated before a particular condition is satisfied.
 Syntax: switch (expression)
{
case constant1 : statement (s); [break;]
case constant2 : statement (s); [break;]
…………………………………….
default: statement (s)
}
 Break statement
 Break statement terminates the
execution of the loop in which it is
defined.
 The control is transferred
immediately to the next executable
statement after the loop.
 It is mostly used to exit early from
the loop by skipping the remaining
statements of loop or switch control
structures.
 Syntax: break;
 Looping Structures
 When we want to repeat a group of
statements a no. of times, loops are used.
 These loops are executed until the
condition is true.
 When condition becomes false, control
terminates the loop and moves on to next
instruction immediately after the loop.
 Various looping structures are-
 while
 do – while
 for
 LOOPING STATEMENTS
 Loop is divided into two parts:
 Body of the loop
 Control of loop

 Mainly control of loop is divided

into two parts:
 Entry Control loop (while, for)
 Exit Control loop (do-while)
 while statement
 While loop is used to execute set of
statements as long as condition evaluates to
true.
 It is mostly used in those cases where the
programmer doesn’t know in advance how
many times the loop will be executed.
 Syntax: while (condition)
{ condition true statement
Statement 1 ;
Statement 2 ;
}
Statement after while loop
 do- while
 do-while is similar to while except that its
test condition is evaluated at the end of the
loop instead at the beginning as in case of
while loop.
 So, in do-while the body of the loop always
executes at least once even if the test
condition evaluates to false during the first
iteration. Body of loop

 Syntax: do
true
{ Test condition
statement 1;
false
statement 2;
}while (condition); Next statement
 for loop
 Most versatile and popular of three loop
structures.
 Is used in those situations when a programmer

knows in advance the number of times a

statement or block will be executed.
 It contains loop control elements all at one

place while in other loops they are scattered

over the program and are difficult to
understand.
 Syntax:-

for (initialization; condition;

increment/decrement)
{
Statement( s);
}
 The for is a sort of while
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
statement;

is equivalent to:

expr1;
while (expr2) {
statement;
expr3;
}
Various other ways of writing same
for loops

i=1 for (i=1; ;i+ for

+)
for (; i<=15;i ++) (i=1;i<=15;)
{ { {
……..
……… ………….
}
if (i>15) i++;
break; }
……
}
 Some Examples
for(i = 7; i <=77; i += 7)
statement;
for(i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2)
statement;

for(j = 10; j > 20; j++)

statement;
for(j = 10; j > 0; j--)
statement;
 Incrementing and Decrementing
Incrementing
 Add 1 to c by writing:
c = c + 1;

Also: c += 1;
Also: c++;
Also: ++c;
/* Preincrementing and postincrementing */

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int c;

c = 5;
printf("%d\n", c);
printf("%d\n",c++); /*post increment*/
printf("%d\n\n", c);
:

continued
 c = 5;
printf("%d\n", c);
printf("%d\n",++c); /*pre-increme
nt*/
printf("%d\n", c);
return 0;
}
Output:
5
5
6
5
6
6
 Decrementing
 Take 1 from c by writing:
c = c - 1;

Also: c -= 1;
Also: c--;
Also: --c;
 Continue statement
 Like break ,continue statement also skips the
remaining statements of the body of the loop
where it is defined but instead of terminating
the loop, the control is transferred to the
beginning of the loop for next iteration.
 The loop continues until the test condition of
the loop become false.
 Syntax: continue;

E.g. for (m=1;m<=3;m++)
{ Output:
for (n=1;n<=2;n++) 1 2
{ 2 1
if (m==n) 3 1
continue; 3 2
printf(“ m=%d n=%d”);
}
}
 goto Statement
 An unconditional control statement that causes
the control to jump to a different location in the
program without checking any condition.
 It is normally used to alter the normal sequence
of program execution by transferring control to
some other part of the program.
 So it is also called jump statement.
 Syntax: goto label;
 Label represents an identifier which is used to
label the destination statement to which the
control should be transferred.
label : statement;
 The goto statement causes the control to be
shifted either in forward direction or in a
backward direction .
 exit() function
 C provides a run time library function
exit() which when encountered in a
program causes the program to
terminating without executing any
statement following it.
 Syntax: exit(status);
Status is an integer variable or
constant.
 If the status is 0,then program normally
terminates without any errors.
 A non-zero status indicates abnormal
termination of the program.
 The exit() function is defined in the
process.h header file.
 Difference b/w exit() & break

 Exit() is used to transfer the

control completely out of the
program whereas break is used
to transfer the control out of
the loop or switch statement.