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Unit 5

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8 views18 pages

Unit 5

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gizachewkebor4
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UNIT 5

Basics of geometry
Undefined terms of geometry
• An undefined term is a term that is used without a specific
mathematical definition.
• In geometry we have 3 undefined terms, which are:
1.Points
2.Lines
3.Planes
• The terms points, lines and planes are the foundations of
geometry.
• Except for these 3 terms, all other terms in geometry can
be defined.
1.Point
• A point has no dimension.
• That means it has no length, no depth and no width.
• It is usually represented by a small dot.

• Points are represented(named) with a capital letter.

A
• The above point is called point A.
2.Line
• A line is a set of points.
• it extends in 1 dimension, length.
• It is represented by a straight line with two arrow heads
that indicate the line extends in two directions without end.
A -This is line ℓ (using the lower

case script letter “L”)or


B symbolically we call it: AB

Line ℓ The arrowheads are in both


Line AB directions of the symbol.
3.Plane
• a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends
indefinitely.
• It is represented by a slanted 4 sided figure but you must
envision it extends without end, even through the
representation has edges.
-This is Plane M or plane ABC
A M
(be sure to only use 3 of the
points when naming a plane)
B C
Undefined concepts
1.Collinear points
• Collinear points are points that lie on the same line.
A
B -Points A, B and C are collinear
C
2.Coplanar points
• Coplanar points are points that lie on the same plane

-Points AB and C are coplanar


A C

B
Line segment
• Lets look at the idea of a point between two other points
on a line.
Here is line AB or
symbolically AB A B

The line segment does not extend


without end it has end points in this
case A and B. The segment contains
all the points on the line between
A and B.
mThis is segment
AB : A B

Notice the change in the


symbolic notation.
Rays
• A ray is a part of a line that has a fixed starting point but
no end point.
Lets look at a ray
-A is called an initial point
A B

Ray AB extends in one direction


without end.
The initial point is always the
• Symbolized by AB first letter in naming a ray.
Notice the difference in symbols
from both a line and segment
Angles
• An angle is formed with 2 rays having the same endpoint.

Angle Not Angle


• Angles are measured in degrees which is a measure of
circularity, or rotation.
• An angle is named using alphabet letters to identify the
different parts of the angle(the vertex and each of the
rays.)
For example:
m D

E
F

• This angle can be called:


∠DEF
∠FED
∠E
• Angles can be classified based on degree or based on
formation.
Types of angles
(based on degree)
1.Acute angle
• An acute angle has a degree measure between 0 and 90
Example: 80, 50, 30, 25, 55
this angle is acute because it
55 measures 55 which is between 0
and 90 .
2.Right angle
• A right angle has a degree measure of exactly 90
Example: This angle is right because it
measures exactly 90

90
m
3.Obtuse angle
• An obtuse angle has a degree measure between 90 and
180.
Example:100, 133, 91, 179, 120
This angle is obtuse because
it measures 120 which is
120
between 90 and 180.
4.Straight angle
• A straight angle measures exactly 180.
Example:
180 This angle is straight because
it measures exactly 180.
5.Reflex angle
• A reflex angle has a degree measure between 180 and
360.
Example:181, 359, 200, 250, 240
0
24 This angle is reflex because it
measures 240 which is between
180 and 360.
6.Circle
• A circle has a degree measure of exactly 360.
Example:
this is angle is a circle
because it measures exactly
360
Types of angles
(based on formation)
1. Adjacent angles
• Adjacent angles are angles that have common sides and
common vertexes but they do not overlap each other in any
way. C

B D A
2. Complementary angles
• Their measures add up to 90. 60
30
example:60 and 30
83 and 7
75 and 15
m
3.Suplementary angles
• Their measure sums up to 180.
Example:130 and 50
179 and 1 130
50
100 and 80

• Even though the representation of a supplementary angle


and adjacent angle are similar Supplementary angles are
those that in sum give 180 . Adjacent angles are those
that share a side.
why
4.Vertically opposite angles
• Vertically opposite angles are angles that are opposite
one another at a specific vertex and are created by two
straight intersecting lines.
30
1
150 b a150
2
30

∠1 and ∠2 Are vertically opposite


∠a and ∠b angles(V.O.A)
• Vertically opposite angles (V.O.A)are always congruent.
(equal)
e.i:
tab 40
a=?
c a b=?
b c=?
Solution:
40 + ∠a=180 (because it is a straight line)
= ∠a=180 -40
=140
∠b=40 because V.O.A of 40
∠c= ∠a=140 because V.O.A are congruent

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