PHASORS
Fig. Generation of alternating emf
Fig. AC Sinusoidal wave form
A leading alternating quantity is one which reaches its maximum,
minimum or zero value earlier than the other quantity. A lagging
quantity is one which reaches the maximum, minimum and zero
values later than the other quantity.
Fig. Lagging and leading alternating quantities
Fig. Phasor representation of alternating quantity
Fig. Coil rotating in magnetic field
Fig. Phase difference between
and
Fig. Phasor diagram of AC EMF
Fig. (a) Addition of alternating quantities (b) Subtraction of alternating
quantities
Fig. Addition of two vectors (Graphical Method)
Fig. Addition of two phasors (Analytical Method)
AC through Pure Resistance Alone
t
t
t
t
alternating voltage and current are in phase
with each other
Fig. (a) AC through pure resistance (b) voltage and current through R ( c )
phasor diagram of voltage and current through R
AC through Pure Inductance Alone
-
ω
𝜔
t
t
Fig. (a) AC through pure inductance (b) Phasor diagram of voltage and
current through L ( c ) Current lag voltage by 90 degrees in pure inductive
circuit
AC through Pure Capacitance Alone
Fig. (a) AC through pure capacitance (b) Phasor diagram of voltage and
current through C ( c ) Current leads voltage by 90 degrees in pure
capacitance circuit
AC through Series RL Circuit
A pure resistance R and a pure inductive coil of inductance L are shown connected in series in Fig.(a).
Let V = r.m.s. value of the applied voltage, I = r.m.s. value of the resultant current
= IR (voltage drop across R) (in phase with I), = I (voltage drop across coil )(ahead of I by 90°)
Fig. (b).These voltage drops are shown in voltage triangle OAB in Fig.(b). Vector OA represents ohmic drop
and AB represents inductive drop . The applied voltage V is t)he vector sum of the two i.e. OB. These
voltage drops are shown in voltage triangle OAB in Fig.(b). Vector OA represents ohmic drop and AB
represents inductive drop . The applied voltage V is the vector sum of the two i.e. OB.
Fig. (a) AC through inductive coil (b) Voltage Triangle ( c ) Impedance Triangle
== =
Where Z is the Impedance of the circuit and is expressed as ohms.
Also, and
Current I lags the applied voltage V by an angle (
( c ) Impedance Triangle
AC through Series RC Circuit
The instantaneous phasor diagram, and the resulting wave diagram, show
that the current leads the applied voltage by a phase angle greater than 0°
but less than 90°. The phase angle between voltage and current is
determined by the ratio of resistance to capacitive reactance in the circuit.
The greater the value of this ratio, the less will be the angle . This can be
illustrated by drawing the impedance triangle for the circuit, as shown in
Fig. (c ).
Fig. (a) AC through series RC circuit (b) Voltage Triangle ( c ) Impedance Triangle
Fig. Phasor diagram of voltage and current in RC Circuit
Alternating current in an RLC Series circuit
Fig. (a) AC through RLC series circuit (b) Voltage Triangle for lagging p.f. ( c )
Voltage Triangle for leading p.f.
