Subject: Engineering Geology
Topic: Geological work of River
By
S. Vinodhkumar,
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode-638 060,
Tamilnadu.
Dec 5, 2024
River
(Overview)
Introduction
Geological work
Erosion
(Hydraulic action, Abrasion & Corrrosion)
Transportation
(Suspension /Rolling & Solution)
Deposition
Land form by river process
(Examples: Potholes, water falls, meander, Oxbow lake,Delt,
Escarpments)
Engineering Importance - Conclusion
Dec 5, 2024
Introduction
The water that reaches the surface of the earth,
due either to rainfall or to the melting snow, dives
itself into three parts as
i) Fly-off,
ii) Surface runoff (River / Stream)
iii) Underground water.
.
Dec 5, 2024
Principles of River System
Dec 5, 2024
Work of running water
The work of running water can be categorized as:
i)Erosion,
ii) Transport and
iii) Deposition
I . Erosion: Removal of rock particles by running water
Process: Hydraulic action –Running water dashing
against
exposed rocks by continuous impact
Abrasion – By it kinetic energy
Corrosion – Dissolved gases and salt –chemical process
Dec 5, 2024
Erosion…..
The intensity of erosion by the running water depends on
Velocity of the running water,
Nature of rocks (Igneous / Sedimentary / Metamorphic rocks)
Nature of the soils, over which the water runs and
Load conditions of running water and
Gradient of the land
Dec 5, 2024
II. Transportation
All the material which is eroded and carried by the
water is called is load, which is carried under the force of
gravity in either of the following two ways as:
Suspension / rolling -Mechanical load
Solution – Chemical load
III Deposition
The rock particles in suspension by the running water are
separated out as soon as the velocity of the water is decreased.
The rock particles may be deposited in any shape and size
depending upon the circumstances
Dec 5, 2024
Relationship among velocity of stream, erosion and transport –
Landform formation
Pot holes:
circular in the bed of steams or rivers which are drilled down
by stones
boulders act as boring tools
Dec 5, 2024
Landform formation……..
Waterfalls:
Water drops considerable heights from one ledge to
the next
Numbers of waterfalls occur in a succession - cascade.
The rate of river erosion is determined by the nature
of the rocks over which it flows (Hard rock / Soft
rocks)
Dec 5, 2024
Water falls…
Example: Niagara water falls in North America
Dec 5, 2024
Landform formation……..
Meanders:
Zigzag path
Development of zigzag route - meandering
Dec 5, 2024
Landform formation……..
Meanders:
Dec 5, 2024
Landform formation……..
Oxbow lake:
Dec 5, 2024
Landform formation……..
Oxbow lake:
Dec 5, 2024
Landform formation……..
Deltas:
Triangular shape Δ.
Due to velocity reduction and separating load particles the
shore line blocks the mouth of the stream and divides into
branches ….. Continuing…
Dec 5, 2024
Engineering Importance - Conclusion
Generally any sites for an engineering project is selected away
from the path of a river.
But in case of dams, any bridges, where the site has to be
within the path of the running water, suitable measures are
adopted to stop or minimize the adverse effects of the running
water.
In such cases, foundation of the dam or piers of the bridges are
made to rest on some firm strata and suitable measures are also
adopted to strengthen the sides and the bed of the river by
stone-pitching both upstream of the bridge or dam to stop
erosion.
Dec 5, 2024
Thanking you
Dec 5, 2024
