Introduction to Internet of Things

(AIDS/AIML309)
Course Overview:

• This course is foundation course around the Internet of Things (IoT). It overviews about the
technology used to build these kinds of devices, how they communicate, how they store
data, and the kinds of distributed systems needed to support them. Divided into four
modules, the first unit explores about theoretical concepts of IoT while second unit is
completely programming based to explore IoT sensors and actuators with Arduino. The rest
of the syllabus is application oriented based on learning. In general, through this course
students will be explored to the interconnection and integration of the physical world and
the cyber space. They will be able to design and develop IOT Devices

Course Objective:

• To learn fundamentals of IoT and how to build IoT based systems

• To emphasize on development of Industrial IoT applications
• To recognize the factors that contributed to the emergence of IoT
• To utilize and implement solid theoretical foundation of the IoT Platform and System Design.
Course Outcomes (CO):

•CO1: Ability to understand design flow of IoT based systems

•CO2: Analyse and understand different communication protocols
for connecting IoT nodes to server
•CO3: Apply coding concepts to design real-time IoT solutions
•CO4: Develop the state-of-the-art IoT based systems, suitable for
real life and Industry applications
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- I
The Internet of Things: An Overview of what is IoT? Why IoT? Explain the definition and
usage of the term "Internet of Things (IOT)" in different contexts. Design Principles for
Connected Devices, internet principles: internet communications-An overview, Physical
Design of IoT, Logical Design of IoT, IoT standards, IoT generic architecture and IoT
protocols. IoT future trends, Understand IoT Applications and Examples. Understand
various IoT architectures based on applications. Understand different classes of sensors
and actuators. Sensors: sensor terminology, sensor dynamics and specifications.
Understand the basics of hardware design needed to build useful circuits using basic
sensors and actuators
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- II
Communication protocols and Arduino Programming: Understand various network
protocols used in IoT, Understand various communication protocols (SPI, I2C, UART). Design
and develop Arduino code needed to communicate the microcontroller with sensors and
actuators, build circuits using IoT supported Hardware platforms such as Arduino, ESP8266
etc., Use of software libraries with an Arduino sketch that allows a programmer to use
complicated hardware without dealing with complexity, Learning IoT application
programming and build solutions for real life problems and test them in Arduino and Node
MCU environments. Understand various wireless Technologies for IoT and its range,
frequency and applications.
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- III
Fundamentals of IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee and 6LOWPAN: Importance of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
and IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer in constrained networks and their header format, Importance
of Zigbee technology and its applications, use of IPv6 in IoT Environments, Understanding
importance of IPv6 and how constrained nodes deal with bigger headers (IPv6).
Understand IPv6 over Low Power WPAN (6LoWPAN) and role of 6LoWPAN in wireless
sensor network. Various routing techniques in constrained network. Understanding IoT
Application Layer Protocols: HTTP, CoAP Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MeTT).
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- IV
Application areas and Real-time Case Studies: Role of big data, cloud computing and data
analytics in a typical IoT system. Analyze various case studies implementing IoT in real
world environment and find out the solutions of various deployment issues. Smart parking
system, Smart irrigation system-block diagram, sensors, modules on Arduino and Node
MCU
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- II
Communication protocols and Arduino Programming: Understand various network
protocols used in IoT, Understand various communication protocols (SPI, I2C, UART). Design
and develop Arduino code needed to communicate the microcontroller with sensors and
actuators, build circuits using IoT supported Hardware platforms such as Arduino, ESP8266
etc., Use of software libraries with an Arduino sketch that allows a programmer to use
complicated hardware without dealing with complexity, Learning IoT application
programming and build solutions for real life problems and test them in Arduino and Node
MCU environments. Understand various wireless Technologies for IoT and its range,
frequency and applications.
 COMMUNICATION
•PROTOCOLS
IoT is an aggregation of different networks, such as mobile networks (3G, 4G,
CDMA, etc.), WLANs, WSN, and Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET).

• Requirement for IoT - Seamless connectivity.

• Parameters for good IoT experience: Network-communication speed,

reliability, and connection durability.

• Challenge: Interconnecting network of objects with high-speed mobile

networks like 5G along with local and urban network communication protocols
such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and WiMax is feasible yet challenging
Communication
Protocols in
different Layers
 IoT Architecture and
Protocols
 Link Layer Determines how data is physically sent over network layer (e.g.
copper wire, coaxial cable or a radio wave).

 Determines how packet are coded and signaled by hardware device over medium
to which host is attached.

 Link Layer Protocols:-

1.IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet (wired connection) 2.
802.11 –Wi-Fi
3. 802.16—WiMax
4. 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
5. 2G/3G/4G—Mobile communication
 IoT Architecture and
Protocols
1. Link Layer Link layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over networks
physical layer or medium (e.g. copper wire, coaxial cable or radio wave).
• Its scope is local network connection to which host is attached.
• Hosts on same link exchange data packets over link layer using link layer protocols.
• Determines how packets are coded and signalled by hardware device over medium to
which host is attached (such as a coaxial cable).
1. IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet : IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for link layer. For
example 802.3 is standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses co-axial cable as a shared medium,
802.3.i is standard for 10BASE-T Ethernet over copper twisted pair connections, 802.3.j is standard
for 10BASE-F Ethernet over fibre optic connections, 802.3ae is standard for 10Gbit/s Ethernet
over fiber, etc. Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 Gb/s and higher. Shared
medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable, twisted pair wire or an optical fiber which carries
communication for all devices on Internet, thus data sent by one device can be received by all
devices subject to propagation coDn.rDdviiytaiAognawr saland transceiver capabilities.
 Link
Layer
2. IEEE 802.11 –Wi-Fi : IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN (WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. For example 802.11a operates in
5Ghz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate in 2.4 GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5 GHz
bands, 802.11 ac operates in 5GHz band and 802.11ad operates in 60 GHz band. Standards
provide data rates from 1 Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s.
3. IEEE 802.16—WiMax : IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards
including extensive descriptions for link layer also called WiMax. WiMax standards provide
data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. Recent update provides data rates of 100 Mbit/s for
mobile stations and 1Gbit/s for fixed stations.
 Link
Layer
4. 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4 is collection of standards for Low Rate Wireless PAN
(LR- WPAN). Standards form basis of specifications for high level communication protocols
such as ZigBee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s. Standards
provide low cost and low speed communication for power constraint devices.
5. 2G/3G/4G—Mobile communication: There are different generations of mobile
communication standards including 2G (GSM and CDMA), 3G (UMTS and CDMA 2000) and 4G
(LTE), IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over cellular networks, Data
rates range from 9.6 Kb/s (for 2G) to 100 Mb/s (for 4G).
 IoT
Protocols
2. Network/Internet Layer -This layer performs host addressing and packet routing. Datagram contain
source and destination addresses which are used to route them from source to destination across
multiple networks.
• IPv4: Internet protocol version 4 is most deployed internet protocol, used to identify devices on
network using hierarchical addressing scheme. It uses 32 bit address scheme that allows 232
addresses. It is succeeded by IPv6. IP protocols establish connections on packet networks, but do
not guarantee delivery of packets. Guaranteed delivery and Data integrity are handled by upper
layer protocols such as TCP.
• IPV6:- New version of internet protocol which uses 128-bits address that allows 2^128 or 3.4 X
10^38 address.
• 6LoWPAN:- IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) brings IP
protocol to low power devices which have limited processing capabilities. Operates in 2.4 GHz
frequency range and provides data transfer rates of 250 Kb/s. 6LoWPAN works with 802.15.4 link
layer protocol and defines compression mechanisms for IPv6 datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-
based networks.
 Transport
Layer
Provide end to end message transfer capability independent of underlying network.
• Message transfer capability can be set up on connections using handshakes (as in TCP) for without
using handshakes (as in UDP) . Provides functions such as error control segmentation, flow control and
congestion control.
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): - Widely used for data transmission in communication network such
as internet. It is a connection oriented and stateful protocol. While IP protocols deals with sending
packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of packets in order. It provides error detection capability so
that duplicate packets can be discarded and lost packets are retransmitted. Flow control capability ensures
that rate at which sender sends data is not too high for receiver to process. Congestion control capability
helps in avoiding network congestion and congestion collapse which can lead to degradation of network
performance.
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP): - Transaction oriented, stateless and connectionless protocol. Useful for
time-sensitive applications that have very small data units to exchange and do not want connection setup-
overhead. Does not provide guaranteed deliveDrry. D,vioayrAdgearrwianl g of message and duplicate elimination.
 IoT
Protocols Application Type
Electronic Mail
Application-Layer Protocol
Send: Simple Mail Transfer
4. Application Layer Defines how Protocol (SMTP)
application processes (clients and servers), Receive: Post Office
running on different end systems, pass Protocol v3 (POP3)
messages to each other. It defines:
M2M CoAP
 Types of messages, e.g., request messages
World Wide Web Hyper Text Transfer
and (WWW) Protocol 1.1 (HTTP 1.1)
response messages.
File Transfer File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Syntax of various message types, i.e., fields in Trivial File Transfer
message and how fields are delineated. Protocol (TFTP)
o
 Meaning of information that field is supposed t Internet Telephony Proprietary (e.g. Vocaltec)
contain.
 Rules for determining when and how a process
 Application
Layer
4. Application Layer Defines how application interface with the lower layer protocols to send
data over network. It enables process-to-process connections using ports.
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) forms foundation of WWW.
 Includes commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS, etc.
 Follows request response model where client sends requests to server using HTTP
commands.
 Stateless protocol where each HTTP request is independent of other requests.
 HTTP client can be a browser or an application running on client (e.g., an
application
running on an IoT device, a mobile application or other software.)
 Uses Universal Resources Identities (URIs) to identify HTTP resources.
 Application
Layer
• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP): used for machine-to-machine applications.
 Meant for constrained environments with constrained devices and networks. Like, HTTP,
CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request-response model, however it runs on
top of UDP instead of TCP.
 Uses a client-server architecture where clients communicate with servers using
connectionless datagrams.
 Designed to easily interface with HTTP.
 Supports methods such a GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.
 Application
Layer
• WebSocket: allows full-duplex communications over a single socket connection for sending
messages between client and server.
 Based on TCP and allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth between client
and server while keeping TCP connection open.
 Client can be browser, mobile application or an IoT device
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT): light weight messaging protocol based on
publish-subscribe model.
 Uses a client-server architecture where clients connects to server and publishes
messages
to topics on server.
 Broker forwards the messages to clients subscribed to topics
 Well suited
memory for constrained
resources environments
and network where
bandwidth devices have limited processing and
is low.
 Application
Layer
• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Protocol for real-time communication
and streaming XML data between network entities.
 Powers wide range applications including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming,
multi-party chat and voice/video calls.
 Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one network entity to another in near real-
time.
 Decentralized protocol and uses a client-server architecture.
 Supports both client-to-server and server-to-server communication paths.
 Allows real-time communication between IoT devices.
 Application
• Layer
Data –Distribution Service (DDS): Data-centric middleware standard for device-todevice or
machine-to-machine communication.
 Uses publish-subscribe model where publishers create topics which subscribers subscribe.
 Publisher- responsible for data distribution; subscriber- responsible for receiving published
data.
 Provides quality-of-service (QoS) control and configurable reliability.
• Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP): Protocol for business messaging.
 Supports both point-to-point and publisher-subscriber model, routing and queuing
 AMQP brokers receives messages from publishers and route them to consumers.
 Publishers publish messages to exchange which then distributes message copies to
queues.
 Messages are either delivered by broker to consumer which have subscribed to
Comparison of IoT Communication
Protocols
Wireless Communication
Technology
• Near Field
Communication NFC,
• RFID,
• ZigBee,
• Bluetooth (BT),
• RF transceivers and
• RF modules.
 Near-Field
Communication
• NFC is enhancement of ISO/IEC214443 standard for contact-less proximity-card.
• Short distance (20 cm) wireless communication technology.
• Enables data exchange between cards in proximity and other devices.
• Examples of applications of NFC are proximity-card reader/RFID/IoT/M2M/mobile
device, mobile payment wallet, electronic keys for car, house, office entry keys and
biometric passport readers.
• NFC devices transmit and receive data at same instance and setup time (time taken to
start communication) is 0.1 s.
• Device or its reader can generate RF fields for nearby passive devices such as passive
RFID.
• An NFC device can check RF field and detect collision of transmitted signals.
• Device can check collision when received signal bits do not match with transmitted
signal bits.
 Near-Field
Communication
Features of an NFC device are:
• Range of functioning is within 10 to 20 cm.
• Device can communicate with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices in order to extend
distance from 10 cm to 30 m or higher.
• Device is able to receive and pass data to a Bluetooth connection or standardised
LAN or Wi-Fi using information handover functions.
• Device data transfer rates are 106 kbps, 212 kbps, 424 kbps and 848 kbps (bps
stands for bit per second, kbps for kilo bit per second).
 Near-Field
Communication
Three modes of communication are:
1. Point-to-point (P2P) mode: Both devices use active devices in which RF fields alternately
generate when communicating.
2. Card-emulation mode: Communication without interruption for read and write as required
in a smart card and smart card reader. FeliCa™ and Mifare™ standards are protocols for
reading and writing data on card device and reader, and then reader can transfer
information to Bluetooth or LAN.
3. Reader mode: Using NFC the device reads passive RFID device. RF field is generated by an
active NFC device. This enables passive device to communicate.
Radio Frequency
Identification
• (RFID)
RFID is an automatic identification method.
• Use Internet.
• RFID usage is, therefore, in remote storage and retrieval of data is done at RFID tags.
An RFID device functions as a tag or label, which may be placed on an object.
• Object can then be tracked for movements.
• Object may be a parcel, person, bird or an animal.
• IoT applications of RFID are in business processes, such as parcels, tracking and
inventory control, sales log-ins and supply-chain management.
 Bluetooth BR/EDR and Bluetooth
•Low Energy
Bluetooth devices follow IEEE 802.15.1 standard protocol for L1 (physical cum data-link
layer).
• BT devices form a WPAN devices network.
• Modes: Bluetooth BR/EDR (Basic Rate 1 Mbps/Enhanced Data Rate 2 Mbps and 3 Mbps) and
Bluetooth low energy (BT LE 1Mbps).
• Latest version is Bluetooth v4.2.
• BT LE is called Bluetooth Smart.
• Bluetooth v4.2 (December 2014) provides LE data packet length extension, link layer privacy
and secure connections, extended scanner and filter link layer policies and IPSP.
• BT LE range is 150 m at 10 mW power output, data transfer rate is 1 Mbps and setup time is
less than 6 s.
• Bluetooth v5, released in June 2016, has increased the broadcast capacity by 800%,
quadrupled the range and doubled the speed.
• A device may have provisions for single mode BT LE or dual mode BT BR/EDR (Mbps
for
stands
Million Bits per second).
 Bluetooth BR/EDR and Bluetooth
Low
Its Energy
features are:
 Auto-synchronisation between mobile and other devices when both use BT.
 BT network uses features of self-discovery, self-configuration and self-healing.
 Radio range depending on class of radio; Class 1 or 2 or radios: 100 m, 10 m or 1 m used in
device BT implementation.
 Support to NFC pairing for low latency in pairing the BT devices.
 Two modes—dual or single mode devices are used for IoT/M2M devices local area network.
 IPv6 connection option for BT Smart with IPSP (Internet Protocol Support Profile).
 Smaller packets in LE mode.
 Operation in secured as well as unsecured modes (devices can opt for both link-level as well as
service-level security or just service level or unsecured level).
 Advanced Encryption Algorithm cryptographic block cipher based on symmetric 128-bit block
data (AES-CCM 128) authenticated encryption algorithm for confidentiality and authentication.
 Connection of IoT/M2M/mobile devices using BT EDR device to Internet with 24 Mbps Wi-Fi
802.11 adaptation layer (AMP: Alternative MAC/PHY layer) or BT-enabled wire-
bound
connection ports or device.
 ZigBee IP/ZigBee
SE 2.0
• ZigBee devices follow IEEE 802.15.4 standard protocol L1 (physical cum data-link layer).
• ZigBee devices form a WPAN devices network.
• ZigBee end-point devices form a WPAN of embedded sensors, actuators, appliances,
controllers or medical data systems which connect to Internet for IoT applications,
services and business processes.
• ZigBee Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) is a version for a smart grid.
• ZigBee smart energy version 2.0 has energy management and energy efficiency
capabilities using an IP network.
 Features of ZigBee
IP are:
Used for low-power, short-range WPAN
 Can function in six modes—end ZigBee-ZigBee devices router, ZigBee
point,
coordinator, ZigBee-IP coordinator, ZigBee-IP network
router and IP host.
 ZigBee IP enhancement provisions IPv6 connectivity.
 Is a Reduced Function Device (RFD) i.e., one that functions for ‘sleepy’/ battery-operated
device. Sleepy means one that wakes up infrequently, sends data and then goes back to
sleep.
 Supports IPv6 network with 6LoWPAN header compression, connection for Internet
communication and control of low power devices, TCP/UDP transport layer and TLSv1.2
public key (RSA and ECC) and PSK cipher suite for end-to-end security protocol, end-to-end
means application layer to physical layer.
 ZigBee router uses reactive and proactive protocols for routing mode, which enable
applications in big-scale automation and remote controls.
 A self-configuring and self-healing dynamic pairing mesh network, supports both multicast
and unicast options.
 Features of ZigBee
IP are:forwarding to support multicast Domain Name System (mDNS) based service
Multicast
discovery (SD)
 Support to pairing of coordinator with end-point devices and routers, providing bigger
network using multiple star topology and inter-PAN communications
 Support to sensor nodes and sensor (or appliances) network integration, sensor and
appliances devices configured as router or end-devices
 Low latency (< 10 ms) link layer connection
 Range is 10–200 m, data transfer rate is 250 kbps, low power operation
 ISM band frequencies direct sequence spread spectrum 16-channel radio, and provide link
level security using AES-CCM-128
 Includes RFD in ZigBee SE 2.0
 ZigBee NAN is for devices which are used for smart-metering, distribution automation
devices and smart grid communication profile. NAN enables a utility’s last-mile at HAN
(Home Area Network), outdoor access network that connects smart meters to WAN (wide
area network) gateways.
 Features of ZigBee
IP
Figure

are:
shows
Three end devices, two
routers, one sensor
node connected to
coordinator ZigBee
devices forming a star
network.
 One end device, two
routers and one
coordinator forming a
mesh network.
 Mesh network router
connects to an
AP/gateway, which in
turn connects to a
cellular network.
Features of a ZigBee
network are:
 Router in star network connects to 6LoWPAN, which connects an IEEE 802.15.4 devices
network to IPv6 network.
 1000s of byte communicate between the network layer and IoT web objects.
 127 B communication between the adaptation layer IEEE 802.15.4 devices at single data
transfer.
 IETF ND (Neighbour Discovery), ROLL (Routing Over Low power Loss Network),
RPL
routing, IPv6/IPv4 network, TCP/UDP/ICMP transport, SSL/TLS security layer protocols for
communication between web object/application and ZigBee devices.
 Wi-
 Fi
An interface technology that uses IEEE 802.11 protocol and enables WLANs.
 Wi-Fi devices connect enterprises, universities and offices through home AP/public hotspots.
 Wi-Fi connects distributed WLAN networks using Internet.
 Automobiles, instruments, home networking, sensors, actuators, industrial device nodes,
computers, tablets, mobiles, printers and many devices have Wi-Fi interface.
 Issues of Wi-Fi interfaces APs and routers: are higher power consumption, interference and
performance degradation.
 Wi-Fi interfaces connect within themselves or to an AP or wireless router using Wi-Fi PCMCIA
or PCI card or built-in circuit cards and through: Base station (BS) or AP
 WLAN transceiver or BS can connect one/many wireless devices simultaneously to Internet.
Wi-
Fi
 Peer-to-peer nodes without access point: Client devices within Independent Basic Service
Set (IBSS) network can communicate directly with each other. It enables fast and easy
setting of an 802.11 network.
 Peer to multipoint nodes with Basic Service Sets (BSSs) using one in-between AP point or
distributed BSSs connect through multiple APs.
 Each BSS is a Service Set Identifier (SSID)
 Wi-
Fi shows
Figure three
networks
WLAN for sensor
nodes,
(BSSs)
mobiles, tablets,
devic
laptops, computers
eand
connectivity ofInternet
WLAN
networks with IP4
networks (here
dashed
represent lines
wireless
connectivity and solid
lines represent wired
connectivity).
Wi-
Fi interfaces, access points, routers features are as follows:
Wi-Fi
 Generally used are 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11b adapters or 5 GHz (802.11a or 802.11g) or 802.11n or
other 802.11 series protocols.
 Interfaces use 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz antenna
 Offers mobility and roaming
 Have easy installation simplicity and flexibility
 Coverage range is 30 m to 125 m
 Used in room having limited-coverage 802.11a which coexists with b, coexists with b and g
 Uses 802.11b in wider coverage range because that is unaffected by walls and is meant for
hotspots for public usage having range data rate 11 Mbps (802.11b) within 30 m
 Uses 802.11g for high data rates up to 54 Mbps, and 802.11n for very high 600 Mbps, using
multiple antennas to increase data rates
 Interoperable with wireless as well as wired infrastructure which ensures compatibility and
enables easier access and hides complexity when enabling the wireless access to data, media
and streams, and applications and services.
 Provides security, integrity and reliability
 RF Transceivers and RF
Modules
RF transmitters, receivers, and transceivers are simplest RF circuits.
 Transceiver transmits RF from one end and receives from other end, but internally has an
additional circuit, which separates signals from both ends.
 An oscillator generates RF pulses of required active duty cycle and connects to a
transmitter.
 BT, ZigBee, and Wi- Fi radios deploy ISM band transceivers
 IoT/M2M applications deploy ISM band RF modules with transceivers/ transmitter/
receiver.
 A number of systems use RF modules for applications needing wireless connectivity; for example,
security, telemetry, telematics, fleet management, home automation, healthcare, automobiles
wireless tire pressure monitors, back-up cameras and GPS navigation service, payment wallet,
RFID and maintenance.
 Elements of RF
 technology
RF interface/physical layer, RF signals transmit between nodes or endpoints, i.e. sensors,
actuators, controllers and a gateway where signals are received. Physical layer
specifications consist of signal aspects and characteristics, including frequencies,
modulation format, power levels, transmitting and receiving mode and signalling
between end-point elements.
 RF network architecture includes overall system architecture, backhaul, server and
bidirectional end-devices with radio duty cycling in applications. Radio duty cycling
means managing active intervals, transmission and receiving schedule, and time-intervals
actions on an event during active intervals and actions during inactive (sleep) intervals
using RF Integrated Circuits (RFICs).
 GPRS/GSM Cellular Networks-Mobile

Internet
IoT/M2M communication gateway can access a Wireless WAN (WWAN).
 Network access may use a GPRS cellular network or new generation
cellular network for Internet access.
 Mobile phone provisions for a USB wired port, BT and Wi-Fi connectivity.
 Wireless connectivity for Internet uses data connectivity using GSM, GPRS,
UMTS/LTE and WiMax services of a mobile service provider or Wi-Fi using a
modem.
 Phone, provisions for number of sensors also; for example, acceleration, GPS and
proximity
 Wireless
USB
Wireless USB is a wireless extension of USB 2.0 and it operates at ultra-wide band
(UWB) 5.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz frequencies.
 It is for short-range personal area network (high speed 480 Mbps 3 m or
110 Mbps 10 m channel).
 FCC recommends a host wire adapter (HWA) and a device wire adapter (DWA),
which provides wireless USB solution.
 Wireless USB also supports dual-role devices (DRDs).
 Device can be a USB device as well as limited capability host.
Differences between NFC, BT LE, ZigBee and
WLAN
Property
protocolsNFC BT LE ZigBee IP WLAN 802.11
IEEE Protocol 802.15.1 802.15.4 802.11z
Physical Layer 848, 424, 212, 106 2.4 GHz (LE-DSSS) 2.4 GHz or 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz Two PHY
kbps 868MHz and 433 MHz layers MAC layer
DSSS MAC layer CSMA/CA CSMA/CD
Data Transfer 106 kbps 1 Mbps 250 kbps (2.4 GHz, 40 kbps 11 Mbps/54 Mbps
Rate 915 MHz, 20 kbps 868.3
MHz
Form Factor and Range 10–20 cm Small Small 10 m to 200 m Bigger
Protocol Stack Small in LE 127B Bigger than WPAN
devices
Power Dissipation Very low Lower than ZigBee, 2 mW Router and 0.1 mW Much Higher than
much lower than WLAN for end device; much ZigBee
802.11 lower than WLAN 802.11
Set up/ Connection/ 0.1s 3s Connection time 20 ms Connection time
Disconnection Intervals < 3 ms < 10 ms
Security AES-CCDMr. -D1iv2ya8 AES-CCM-128 WEP
Differences between NFC, BT LE, ZigBee and
WLAN
Property
protocols
NFC BT LE ZigBee IP WLAN 802.11
Applications Payment wallet, WPAN, IoT/M2M devices, WPAN, wider presence in WLAN and WWAN
short Distance widely present in mobiles sensors, actuators, controllers, network tablet,
Communication and tablets and, need automobile and medical desktops, mobiles,
addition circuit in sensors, electronic and IoT devices devices with PCMCIA
actuators, controllers and connectivity using IPv6, interface, home networking,
IoT Devices 6loWPAN, ROLL, RPL and TLSv1.2 Easy IPv4 connectivity

Network Point to point Star topology, peer-to- Low power, mesh or peer-to peer LAN topology IBSS,
between active peer piconet expended by star networks BSS and distributed BSSs for
and Passive interpiconets data using end devices, coordinator, WWLAN widely used for
Devices transactions and router, ZigBee IP border router Internet connectivity of
Synchronisation mobiles, tablets, Desktops

Network P2P, card Self-configuring, self- Self-configuring, self-healing, Scalable, interoperability,

Characteristics emulation and healing, self-discovery security, integrity and
reader mode self-discovery reliability
passive neighbour
Activation

Broadcast Unicast Unicast Unicast/ Multicast Unicast

/
Multicast/
Differences between NFC, BT LE, ZigBee and
WLAN protocols
 Serial Communication
Basics
Communication between electronic devices is like communication between humans.
 Both sides need to speak same language.
 In electronics, these languages are called communication protocols.
 Types of communication protocols are SPI,I2C,UART,USB.
 SPI, I2C, and UART are quite a bit slower than protocols like USB, Ethernet, Bluetooth, and
Wi-Fi, but they’re a lot simpler and use less hardware and system resources.
 SPI, I2C, and UART are ideal for communication between microcontrollers and between
microcontrollers and sensors where large amounts of high speed data don’t need to be
transferred.
 Serial Communication
Basics
Serial communication protocols can be categorized as Synchronous and
Asynchronous
protocols.
 In synchronous communication, data transmission and receiving is a continuous stream at a
constant rate.
 Synchronous communication requires clock of transmitting device and receiving
device synchronized.
 Examples of synchronous communication are: I2C, SPI etc.
 In case of asynchronous communication, transmission of data requires no clock signal and
data transfer occurs intermittently rather than steady stream.
 Handshake signals between transmitter and receiver are important in
asynchronous
communications.
 Examples of asynchronous communication are Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
(UART), USB, CAN etc.
 UART COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL
Stands for Universal Asynchronous Reception and Transmission (UART)
 Allows host to communicate with auxiliary device.
 UART supports bi-directional, asynchronous and
serial data transmission.
 Has two data lines, one to transmit (TX) and
another to receive (RX), which are used to
communicate through digital pin 0, digital pin 1.
 TX and RX are connected between two devices.
(eg. USB and computer)
 Can handle synchronization management
issues between computers
and external serial
devices.
 UART can operate between devices in 3 ways:
 UART COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL
UART data transmission speed is referred to as BAUD Rate and is set to 115,200 by default
 Both UARTs must operate at about same baud rate. If difference of BAUD rate is more than
10%, timing of bits may be off and render data unusable.
 User must ensure UARTs are configured to transmit and receive from same data packet.
 Hardware for UART can be a circuit integrated on microcontroller or a dedicated IC which is
in contrast to SPI or I2C, which are just communication protocols.
 UART is most simple and commonly used Serial Communication techniques.
 UART is being used in many applications like GPS Receivers, Bluetooth Modules, GSM and
GPRS Modems, Wireless Communication Systems, RFID based applications etc.
 HOW UART
WORKS
Once connected, data flows from T of
X
transmitting UART to RX of receiving
UART.
 UART requires No clocks
 UART that transmits data
receives
 Data
data from bus
a datasends
bus. data to by
UART deviceslike CPU,
memory,
microcontroller. or
 Data is transferred from data bus to
transmitting UART in parallel form.
 After transmitting, UART gets parallel
data from data bus, it adds a start bit,
a parity bit, and a stop bit,
creating data packet as it has No
 HOW UART
WORKS
Next, data packet is output serially,
bit by bit at Tx pin.
 Receiving UART reads data packet
bit by bit at its Rx pin.
 Receiving UART then converts data
back into parallel form and removes
start bit, parity bit, and stop bits.
 Finally, receiving UART transfers
data packet in parallel to data bus
on receiving end.
HOW UART
WORKS

 In UART transmitted data is organized into packets.

 Each packet contains 1 start bit, 5 to 9 data, an optional parity bit,
and 1 or 2 stop bits:
HOW UART
WORKS
1. START BIT
 UART data transmission line is normally set high meaning not transmitting data.
 To start transfer of data, transmitting UART pulls transmission line from high to low for
one clock cycle.
 When receiving UART detects high to low voltage transition, it begins reading bits in
data frame at frequency of baud rate.
2. DATA FRAME:
 Contains actual data being transferred.
 Can be 5 bits to 9 bits long if a parity bit is used.
 If no parity bit is used, data frame can be 8 bits long.
 In most cases, data is sent with LSB first.
HOW UART
WORKS
3. PARITY
 Parity describes evenness or oddness of a number.
 Parity bit is a way for receiving UART to tell if any data has changed during transmission.
 Bits gets changed due to EM radiation, mismatched baud rates, or long
distance data
transfers.
 After receiving UART reads data frame and counts number of bits with a value of 1 and
checks if total is an even or odd number.
 If parity bit is 0 (even parity), 1 bits in data frame should total to an even number.
 If parity bit is 1 (odd parity), 1 bits in data frame should total to an odd number.
 When parity bit matches data, UART knows that transmission was free of errors.
 But if parity bit is 0, and total is odd; or parity bit is 1, and total is even, UART knows that
4. STOPbits
BITSin data frame have changed.
 Marks end of data packet.
 Usually is two bits long but often only one bit is used.
 In order to end transmission, UART maDri. nDityvaa iAngasrwaldata line at high voltage
STEPS OF UART
TRANSMISSION
1. Transmitting UART receives data in parallel from data bus
2. Transmitting UART adds start bit, parity bit, and stop bit(s) to data frame
STEPS OF UART
TRANSMISSION
3. Entire packet is sent serially from transmitting UART to receiving UART. Receiving UART
samples data line at pre-configured baud rate
STEPS OF UART
TRANSMISSION
4. Receiving UART discards start bit, parity bit, and stop bit from data frame
STEPS OF UART
TRANSMISSION
5. Receiving UART converts serial data back into parallel and transfers it to data bus on
receiving end
Advantages and Disadvantages
of
•
UARTs
No communication protocol is perfect, but UARTs are pretty good at what they do.
• ADVANTAGES
• Only uses two wires
• No clock signal is necessary
• Has a parity bit to allow for error checking
• Structure of data packet can be changed as long as both sides are set up for it
• Well documented and widely used method

• DISADVANTAGES
• Size of data frame is limited to a maximum of 9 bits
• Doesn’t support multiple slave or multiple master systems
• Baud rates of each UART must be within 10% of each other
Examples of
UARTs
FT232r USB UART / USB to
USB CP2102
UART 5V
Serial Converter

All Arduino boards have at least one

serial port (UART) which communicates
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well
with computer via USB.

UART Seeeduino V4.2

 Serial Peripheral
•Interface - SPI
SPI is a common communication protocol used by many different devices.
• Data is transferred without interruption i.e., any number of bits can be sent or received
in a continuous stream.
• With I2C and UART, data is sent in packets, limited to a specific number of bits. Start and
stop conditions define beginning and end of each packet, so data is interrupted during
transmission.
• Devices communicating via SPI are in a master-slave relationship.
• Master is controlling device (usually a microcontroller), while slave (usually a sensor,
display, or memory chip) takes instruction from master.
• Operates at full-duplex where data can be sent and received simultaneously.
• Used in places where speed is important. (eg. SD card modules, RFID card reader
modules, and 2.4 GHz wireless transmitter/receivers all use SPI to communicate with
microcontrollers)
 SPI Communication
•Protocol
Operates using a master-slave paradigm that
includes at least four signals:
• MOSI (Master Output/Slave Input) – Line for
master to send data to slave.
• MISO (Master Input/Slave Output) – Line for
slave to send data to master
• SCLK (Clock) – Line for clock signal.
• SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip Select) – Line
for master to select which slave to send data
to.
• SCLK, MOSI, and MISO signals are shared by
all devices on the bus.
• SCLK signal is generated by master device for
synchronization,
used while MOSI and MISO
for data exchange.
 SPI
•Working
SPI communicate with 2 ways:
1. Selecting each device with a separate Chip Select line.
2. Daisy chaining where each device is connected to or through its data out to data in line
of next.
• There is no limit to number of SPI device that can be connected.
• In point-to-point communication, SPI interface does not require addressing operations and is
full-duplex communication, which is simple and efficient.
• SPI Working Protocol: SPI communicates via 4 ports which are:
1. MOSI – Master Data Output, Slave Data Input
2. MISO – master data input, slave data output
3. SCLK – clock signal, generated by master device
4. NSS – Slave enabled signal, controlled by master device, some ICs will be labelled as CS
(Chip select)
Steps of SPI Data
Transmission
1. Master outputs clock signal

2. Master switches SS/CS pin to a low voltage state, which activates slave
Steps of SPI Data
Transmission
3. Master sends data one bit at a time to slave along MOSI line. Slave reads bits as they are
received

4. If response is needed, slave returns data one bit at a time to master along MISO line. Master
reads bits as they are received
 Advantages and
•Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES of SPI
 No start and stop bits, so data can be streamed continuously without interruption
 No complicated slave addressing system like I2C
 Higher data transfer rate than I2C (almost twice as fast)
 Separate MISO and MOSI lines, so data can be sent and received at same time
• DISADVANTAGES
 Uses four wires (I2C and UARTs use two)
 No acknowledgement that data has been successfully received (I2C has this)
 No form of error checking like parity bit in UART
 Only allows for a single master.
Examples of SPIs in
Microcontrollers
MCP 3008 / Grove I2C ADC
SPI Seeeduino
V4.2

ENC28J60 OVERLAYS HAT for

Raspberry pi

Serial CAN-BUS Module

based on MCP2551
and MCP2515
I2C Communication
Protocol
• I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit also known as Two Wired Interface(TWI).
• Bus interface connection protocol incorporated into devices for
serial communication similar to UART.
• Originally designed by Philips Semiconductor in 1982.
• Widely used protocol for short-distance communication.
• Not used for PC-device communication but instead with modules and sensors.
• Simple, bidirectional two-wire synchronous serial bus and requires only two wires
to transmit information between devices connected to bus.
• I2C uses an address system and a shared bus
• Many different devices can be connected using same wires and all data
are transmitted on a single wire
• Speed of I2C is affected by data speed, wire quality and external noise
 Working of I2C Communication
•Protocol
Uses only 2 bi-directional open-drain lines for data communication called SDA and SCL.
• Serial Data (SDA) – Transfer of data takes place through this pin (data line).
• Serial Clock (SCL) – To carry clock signal for synchronizing transmission.
• Both these lines are pulled high.
• I2C operates in 2 modes –
1. Master mode
2. Slave mode
 Working of I2C Communication
•Protocol
I2C operates in 2 modes –
1. Master mode
2. Slave mode
• Each data bit transferred on SDA line is synchronized by a high to low pulse of each
clock on SCL line.
• Master device initiates bus transfer of data and generates a clock to open transferred
device and any addressed device is considered a slave device.
• Relationship between master and slave devices, transmitting and receiving on bus is
not constant and depends on direction of data transfer at time.
• If master wants to send/receive data to/from slave, it must first address slave.
I2C Packet
Format

• Here, data is transmitted in form of packets.

• Packets are 9 bits long = first 8 bits are put in SDA line + 1 bit for ACK/NACK
• START condition plus address packet plus one more data packet plus
STOP condition collectively form a complete Data transfer.
 I2C Packet
•Format
Data line can not change when clock line is high
• Start and Stop Conditions : START and STOP can be generated by keeping SCL line high
and changing level of SDA. For START condition SDA is changed from high to low while
for STOP condition SDA goes from low to high while keeping SCL high.
 I2C Packet
•Format
Repeated Start Condition : Between each start and stop condition pair, bus is considered as
busy and no master can take control of bus. If master tries to initiate a new transfer and does
not want to release bus before starting new transfer, it issues a new START condition called a
REPEATED START condition.

• Read/Write Bit : High Read/Write bit indicates that master is sending data to slave, whereas
low Read/Write bit indicates that master is receiving data from slave.

• ACK/NACK Bit : After every data frame, follows an ACK/NACK bit. If data frame is received
successfully then ACK bit is sent to sender by receiver.

• Addressing : Address frame is first frame after start bit. Slave address with which master
wants to communicate is sent by master to every slave connected with it. Slave then
compares its own address with this address and sends ACK.
STEPS OF I2C DATA
TRANSMISSION
1. Master sends start condition to every
connected slave by switching SDA line
from high voltage to low voltage level
before switching SCL line from high to
low:
2. Master sends each slave 7 or 10 bit
address of slave wants
communicate it with,
read/write to
3. bit
Each slave address sent
along with
compares
from master to its own address. If
address matches, slave returns an
ACK bit by pulling SDA line low for
one bit else sets SDA line high.
STEPS OF I2C DATA
TRANSMISSION
4. Master sends or receives data frame
5. After each data frame been
has
transferred, receiving device
returns ACK bit to sender to acknowledge
another
successful receipt of frame
6. To stop data transmission, master sends a
stop condition to slave by switching SCL
high before switching SDA high
 Advantages and
•Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES of I2C
 Only uses two wires
 Supports multiple masters and multiple slaves
 ACK/NACK bit gives confirmation that each frame is transferred successfully
 Hardware is less complicated than with UARTs
 Well known and widely used protocol
• DISADVANTAGES
 Slower data transfer rate than SPI
 The size of the data frame is limited to 8 bits
 More complicated hardware neededDr.tDoivyaiAmgarpwall ement than SPI
 ARDINO IDE
•OVERVIEW:
Program coded in Arduino IDE is called a SKETCH
1. To create a new sketch File -> New
2. To open an existing sketch File -> open ->
3. To open ready-to-use sketches File -> Examples -> select any program
4. Verify: Checks code for compilation errors
5. Upload: Uploads final code to controller board
6. New: Creates a new blank sketch with basic structure
7. Open: Opens an existing sketch
8. Save: Saves current sketch
9. Serial Monitor: Opens serial console
ARDINO IDE
OVERVIEW:
ARDINO IDE
OVERVIEW:
Structure of
SKETCH
Sketch can be divided
into two parts:
1. Setup ()
2. Loop()
Structure of
SKETCH
A sketch can be divided into two parts:
1. Setup ()
• Here, code starts, like main() function in C and C++
• I/O Variables, pin modes are initialized in Setup() function
2. Loop()
• Loop() function, iterates specified task in program
DATA
TYPES
• Void, • Word
• Long, • Unsigned long,
• Int, • Float,
• Char, • Double,
• Boolean, • Array,
• Unsigned char, • String-char array,
• Byte, • String-object,
• Unsigned int, • Short
Arduino Function
Libraries
1. Input/Output Functions:
• Arduino pins can be configured to act as input or output pins using pinMode() function
2. Example
Void setup ()
{
pinMode (pin , mode);
}
• Pin- pin number on Arduino board
• Mode- INPUT/OUTPUT
3. digitalWrite(): Writes a HIGH or LOW value to a digital pin
4. analogRead(): Reads from analog input pin i.e., voltage applied across pin
5. Character functions: isdigit(), isalpha(), isalnum(), isxdigit(), islower(), isupper(), isspace()
return 1(true) or 0(false)
6. Delay() function: Most common time manipulation function used to provide a delay of
specified time. It accepts integer value (Dt.ir DmayvieAgianwar ml iliseconds)
EXAMPLE
BLINKING
1. Requirement: LED
• Arduino controller board,
• USB connector,
• Bread board,
• LED,
• 1.4Kohm resistor,
• connecting wires,
2. Arduino IDE
• Connect LED to Arduino using Bread board and connecting wires
• Connect Arduino board to PC using USB connector
• Select board type and port
• Write sketch in editor, verify and upload
• Connect positive terminal of LED to digital pin …… and negative terminal to ground pin
(GND) of Arduino Board
EXAMPLE
BLINKING
void setup()
LED
{
pinMode(3, OUTPUT); // set the pin mode
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(3, LOW); //Turn of the LED
delay(1000);
}
 Light Dependent
•Resistor
LDR is a type-ofLDR
resistor that changes
resistance as light on its surface
changes.
• i.e., less light or more darkness on
LDR surface causes its resistance to
increase.
• LDR connected in series with a 10k
resistor.
• To detect light levels and switch an
LED on or off.
Connection
Diagram
• Here, 10k resistor R1 and LDR R2
form a voltage divider.
• i.e, voltage at junction of R1 and
R2 is divided voltage from 5V that
is across them.
• As light varies on LDR surface, so
does its resistance which causes
voltage between GND and A0 to
vary as well.
Arduino Uno LDR
Breadboard Circuit
Cod Switch on an LED when Light Levels are Low
evoid setup()
{
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN,
OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
int sensorValue =
analogRead(A0); if
(sensorValue > 700)
{
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,
HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,
LOW);
LDR Module Pin
Description
Pins on sensor,
• VCC - Positive power supply,
• GND - Ground
• DO - Digital output
• AO - Analog output
 LDR -
•Operation
Photoresistor sensor module includes LDR in series with 10K resistor.
• AO pin is connected between LDR and 10K resistor.
• Voltage on AO pin depends on illumination.
• Read this voltage by connecting AO pin of photoresistor sensor to an analog input pin and
then using analogRead() function.
• Parameters that control sensitivity of LDR: rl10 and gamma.
• rl10 – LDR Resistance at illumination level of 10 lux.
• Gamma – determines slope of log(R) / log(lux) graph.
Connect a LDR to an
Arduino Uno
Step 1: Read analog value from LDR circuit. Watch analog value change as light on sensor
increases or decreases.
Step 2: Load sketch code that turns on an LED when LDR is darkened. Also switch off LED
when LDR is exposed to enough light.
 Working of LDR with
•Arduino Uno
LDR gives out analog voltage when connected to
VCC (5V), which varies with input light intensity.
• i.e., greater the intensity of light, greater will be
corresponding voltage from LDR.
• LDR gives out an analog voltage, as it is
connected to analog input pin on Arduino.
• Arduino, with its built-in ADC (analog-to-digital
converter), converts analog voltage (from 0-5V)
into a digital value in range of (0-1023).
• When there is sufficient light in its environment
or on its surface, converted digital values read
from LDR through Arduino will be in range of
800-1023.
Simple IF statement
code
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue =
analogRead(A0); if
(sensorValue > 700) {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,
HIGH);

}
delay(10);
}
IF-else statement
code
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue =
analogRead(A0); if
(sensorValue > 700) {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,
HIGH);

}
else {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,
LOW);
}
While Statement to blink two LEDs for
two different conditions
int sensorPin = A0;
int light_1 = 13; while (analogRead (sensorPin <
100))
int light_2 = 12; {
void setup() { digitalWrite(light_ LOW);
1,
pinMode(sensorPin, delay(500);
INPUT);
pinMode(light_1, digitalWrite(light_ LOW);
OUTPUT); 1,
pinMode(light_2, delay(500);
OUTPUT);
{
} digitalWrite(light_1, }
voidHIGH);
loop() delay(500);
{ }
while (analogRead
digitalWrite(light_1, >100))
(sensorPin
HIGH); delay(500);
}
Do while statement used to
blink an LED
int sensorPin =
A1; int light_1
= 2; void
setup() {
pinMode(sensorPin,
INPUT);
pinMode(light_1,
OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
do
{
digitalWrite(light_1,
HIGH); delay(500);
digitalWrite(light_1,
HIGH); delay(500);
}
while (analogRead (sensorPin
Temperature
Sensor
• Simple temperature sensor is a device, to measure temperature through an
electrical signal it requires a thermocouple or RTD (Resistance Temperature
Detectors).
• Thermocouple is prepared by two dissimilar metals which generate electrical
voltage indirectly proportional to change temperature.
• RTD is a variable resistor, it will change electrical resistance indirectly proportional
to changes in temperature in a precise, and nearly linear manner.
Digital Humidity and Temperature
Sensor (DHT)
• DHT11 -Low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity.
• Easily interface with any microcontroller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
etc… to measure humidity and temperature instantaneously.
• Available as a sensor and as a module.
• Difference: Pull-up resistor and a power-on LED.
• Has resistive humidity sensing and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
• 8 bit MCU is connected in it which is responsible for its fast response.
 Working of DHT
sensor
• Working simple.
• DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for
sensing temperature.
• Humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture-holding substrate as
a dielectric between them.
• Change in capacitance value occurs with change in humidity levels.
• IC measure, process this changed resistance values and change them into digital
form.
• For measuring temperature this sensor uses Negative Temperature coefficient
thermistor, which causes a decrease in its resistance value with an increase in
temperature.
• To get a larger resistance value even for smallest change in temperature, this sensor
is usually made up of semiconductor ceramics or polymers.
Specification :
DHT22
• Humidity range from 20 to 90% RH
• Temperature range from 0 – 50 C
• Signal transmission range of 20 m
• Inexpensive
• Fast response and durable
DHT22 Pin
out
PIN 1,2,3,4 (from left to right)
• PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power supply
• PIN 2- Data
• PIN 3- Null
• PIN 4- Ground
DHT Sensor
Library
• Arduino supports a special library for DHT11 and DHT22 sensors
• Provides function to read temperature and humidity values from data pin
1. dht.readHumidity()
2. dht.readTemperature()
• Install DHT Sensor Library
• Go to sketch -> Include Library -> Manage Library
DHT Sensor
Library
Arduino DHT22Sensor Circuit
Diagram
Arduino DHT22 Sensor Circuit
Diagram
 DHT
22Code
#include <DHT.h>
DHT dht(2, DHT22);
void setup()
{ Serial.begin(9
600);
dht.begin();
}

void loop() {
float temperature =
dht.readTemperature(); float humidity
= dht.readHumidity();
Serial.print("Humidity: ");
Serial.print(humidity);
Serial.print("% Temperature:
");
} Serial.print(temperature);
 DHT
11Code
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE
Serial.print("Humidity: ");
DHT11
Serial.print(humidity);
// DHT dht(2,DHT11)
Serial.print("% Temperature:
DHT dht(DHTPIN,
");
DHTTYPE);
Serial.print(temperature);
void setup()
Serial.print("°C ");
{ Serial.begin(9600);
}
Serial.println("DHT11
test!"); dht.begin();
}
void loop()
{ delay(200
float temperature =
0);
dht.readTemperature(); if
float
(isnan(humidity) ||
humidity =
isnan(temperature) )
dht.readHumi
//isnan = is NOT A NUMBER which return
dity();
true
returnwhen it is not a number
Difference between DHT 11
and DHT 22
• DHT11 has a humidity range that falls between 5 and 95%
• DHT11 has a temperature range that falls between -20 and 60℃.
• DHT22 features a temperature sensor with high precision, as well as a
humidity sensor.
• DHT 22 is highly reliable and has great long-term stability.
• DHT22 has a humidity range that falls between 0 and 100%
• DHT22 has a temperature range that falls between -40 and 80℃.
 Blink a RGB
•LED
RGB - Stands for "Red Green Blue."
• RGB refers to three hues of light that can be mixed together to create
different colors.
• Combining red, green, and blue light is standard method of producing color images
on screens, such as TVs, computer monitors, and smartphone screens.
• Types of RGB led’s: Common cathode and Common anode.
 In common cathode RGB led, cathode of all led’s is common and PWM signals is
given to anode of led’s
 In common anode RGB led, anode of all led’s is common and PWM signals is given
to cathode of led’s.
How does an RGB LED
work?
• RGB LED can emit different colors by mixing 3 basic colors red, green and blue.
• Consists of 3 separate LEDs red, green and blue packed in a single case.
• Comprises of 4 leads, one lead for each of 3 colors and one common cathode or
anode depending on RGB LED type.
• Cathode will be connected to ground and 3 anodes will be connected through 220
Ohms resistors to 3 digital pins on Arduino Board that can provide PWM signal.
• Using PWM for simulating analog output will provide different voltage levels to LEDs
to get desired colors
 How does an RGB LED
•work?
Using PWM for simulating analog output will provide different voltage levels to LEDs
to get desired colors
RGB LED Pin
out
PIN 1,2,3,4 (from left to right)
• Pin D5 - R
• Pin D4 - G
• Pin D3 - B
Arduino RGB LED wiring
diagram
Connection
steps
• Use wiring diagram to connect RGB LED to your Arduino
• Plug Arduino board into your PC
• Check COM ports in Windows device list
• Open Arduino application on your computer
• Upload code to Arduino
• Verify and run
RGB LED
Code LED1RED
#define 5
#define LED1BLUE 3 digitalWrite(LED1BLUE,
#define LED1GREEN 4 HIGH);
void setup() Serial.println("LED1BLUE");
{ pinMode(LED1RED, delay(1000);
OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED1BLUE,
pinMode(LED1BLUE, LOW);
OUTPUT); Serial.println("LED1BLUE");
pinMode(LED1GREEN, delay(1000);
OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LED1GREEN,
Serial.begin(9600); HIGH);
} Serial.println("LED1GREEN")
void loop() ; delay(1000);
{ digitalWrite(LED1RED, digitalWrite(LED1GREEN,
HIGH); LOW);
Serial.println("LED1RED Serial.println("LED1GREEN")
"); delay(1000); ; delay(1000);
 RGB LED
Code
int redPin= 7;
int greenPin = setColor(170, 0, 255); // Purple
6; int bluePin Color delay(1000);
= 5; void }
setup() {
pinMode(redPin, void setColor(int redValue, int
OUTPUT); greenValue, int blueValue)
pinMode(greenPin, { analogWrite(redPin,
OUTPUT); redValue);
pinMode(bluePin, analogWrite(greenPin,
OUTPUT); greenValue);
} analogWrite(bluePin,
void loop() { blueValue);
setColor(255, 0, 0); // Red }
Color delay(1000);
setColor(0, 255, 0); // Green
Color
delay(1000);
 Use RGB as Traffic Signal
Generator
int ledDelay = 10000;
int red = 11; digitalWrite(green,HIGH
int yellow = );
13; int green digitalWrite(red,LOW);
= 12; digitalWrite(yellow,LOW
); delay(ledDelay);
void setup() digitalWrite(yellow,HIG
{ pinMode(red,OUTPU H);
T); digitalWrite(green,LOW)
pinMode(yellow,OUTPUT ; delay(2000);
); digitalWrite(yellow,LOW
pinMode(green,OUTPUT) );
; }
}

void loop()
{ digitalWrite(red,HIG
H); delay(ledDelay);
 Ultrasonic
•Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves.
• Sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and
receives wave reflected back from target.
• Ultrasonic Sensors measure distance to target
by measuring time between emission and
reception.
• Optical sensor has a Tx and Rx, whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic
element for both emission and reception.
• In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives
ultrasonic
waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor head.
Ultrasonic
Sensor
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Module has 4 pins, Ground, VCC, Trig and Echo.
• Ground and VCC pins of module needs to be connected to Ground and 5 volts pins
on Arduino Board respectively and trig and echo pins to any Digital I/O pin on
Arduino Board.
• To generate ultrasound, set Trig on a High State for 10 us to send out an 8 cycle
sonic burst which will travel at speed sound and will be received in Echo pin.
• Echo pin will output time in microseconds sound wave traveled.
Ultrasonic
Sensor
• For example, if object is
10 cm away from sensor,
and speed of sound is
340 m/s or 0.034 cm/us
sound wave will travel
about 294 microseconds.
• Echo pin output will be
twice because sound
needs to travel
wave
forward bounce
and
backward.
Steps to write Source code for
Ultrasonic Sensor
• Define Trig (pin 9) and Echo pins (pin 10) as trigPin and echoPin.
• Initialize long variable, named "duration" for travel time from sensor and an integer variable
for distance.
• In setup() define trigPin as output and echoPin as Input and also start serial communication
for showing results on serial monitor.
• In loop() set trigPin to LOW State for just 2 us; to generate Ultra sound wave set trigPin to
HIGH State for 10 us.
• Use pulseIn() function to read travel time and put this value into variable "duration".
• This function has 2 parameters, echo pin and HIGH or LOW.
 Steps to write Source code for
•Ultrasonic
This function hasSensor
2 parameters, echo pin and HIGH or LOW.
• HIGH means pulsIn() function will wait for pin to go HIGH caused by bounced sound wave
and it will start timing, then it will wait for pin to go LOW when sound wave will end which
will stop timing.
• At the end function will return length of the pulse in microseconds.
• For getting distance, multiply duration by 0.034 and divide it by 2.
• At end, print the value of the distance on the Serial Monitor.
Wiring
Connection
Ultrasonic Sensor
Code
#define trigPin
11 duration =
#define echoPin pulseIn(echoPin,HIGH);
12 distance = (duration/2) /
#define ledPin
void setup() 29.1; if(distance<10)
13
{ Serial.begin(9600); {
digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);
pinMode(trigPin,OUTPUT }else{ digitalWrite(le
); dPin,LOW);
pinMode(echoPin,INPUT) }
; Serial.print(distance
pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT)
void loop() { );
;
long duration , Serial.println("cm");
}
distance; delay(1500);
digitalWrite(trigPin,LOW }
);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin,HIG
digitalWrite(trigPin,LOW
 Servo
Motor
• A servo motor is a self-contained electrical device, that rotate parts of a machine with high
efficiency and with great precision.
• Output shaft of this motor can be moved to a particular angle, position and velocity that a
regular motor does not have.
• Servo Motor utilizes a regular motor and couples it with a sensor for positional feedback.
• Servo motor is a closed-loop mechanism that incorporates positional feedback in order to
control the rotational or linear speed and position
• Motor is controlled with an electric signal, either analog or digital, which determines the
amount of movement which represents the final command position for the shaft.
Servo Motor:
Circuit
• Servo motors have three wires: power,
ground, and signal.
• Power wire is typically red, and connected to
5V pin on Arduino board.
• Ground wire is typically black or brown and
connected to ground pin on board.
• Signal pin is typically yellow or orange and
should be connected to PWM pin on board.
In
Circuit
Diagram
Servo Motor
Code
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo
int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position
void setup() {
myservo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the
servo object
}
void loop() {
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 1)
{
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 1)
{
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
}
Micro Servo
Code
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo
void setup()
{ Serial.begin(960
0);
myservo.attach(9);
// attaches the
servoloop()
void on pin{9 to
the
intservo
val; object
}
while
(Serial.avail
able()>0)
{
val =
Serial.parseI
nt();
if(val!=0)
{
Serial.println(val);
}
LCD 16*2 Pin
Connections
Name Description Arduino Pin*
VSS Ground GND.1
VDD Supply voltage 5V
Contrast adjustment (not
V0 simulated)
RS Command/Data select 12
RW Read/Write. Connect to Ground. GND.1
E Enable 11
D0 – D3 Parallel data 0 - 3 (optional) †
D4 Parallel data 4 10
D5 Parallel data 5 9
D6 Parallel data 6 8
D7 Parallel data 7 7
A Backlight anode 5V / 6‡
K Backlight cathode Dr. Divya Agar
G ND.1
wa l
LCD 16*2 Pin
Connections
Name Description Arduino Pin*
VSS Ground GND.1
VDD Supply voltage 5V
Contrast adjustment (not
V0 simulated)
RS Command/Data select 12
RW Read/Write. Connect to Ground. GND.1
E Enable 11
D0 – D3 Parallel data 0 - 3 (optional) †
D4 Parallel data 4 10
D5 Parallel data 5 9
D6 Parallel data 6 8
D7 Parallel data 7 7
A Backlight anode 5V / 6‡
K Backlight cathode Dr. Divya Agar
G ND.1
wa l
LCD wiring
Connections
LCD16*02 to Arduino
Uno Code
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7);

void setup() {
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// you can now interact with the LCD,
e.g.: lcd.print("Hello World!");
}

void loop() {
// ...
}
 ESP8266
•
NodeMCU
NodeMCU is an open-source firmware and
development kit that helps to prototype or
build IoT products.
• Includes firmware that runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi
SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware
which is based on ESP-12 module.
• Firmware uses Lua scripting language.
• Based on eLua project and built on Espressif
Non-OS SDK for ESP8266.
 ESP8266
•
NodeMCU
MCU stands for MicroController Unit - which
means it is a computer on a single chip.
• Microcontroller contains one or more CPUs
(processor cores) along with memory and
programmable input/output peripherals.
• They are used to automate automobile
engine control, implantable medical devices,
remote controls, office machines, appliances,
power tools, toys etc.
ESP8266
NodeMCU
Pin Description
ESP8266 NodeMCU Pin Description and
Specifications
• NodeMCU_ESP8266 has 30 pins in total out of which there are 17 GPIO pins.
• GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output.
• 9 digital pins ranging from D0-D8
• One analog pin A0, which is a 10 bit ADC.
• D0 pin can only be used to read or write data and can’t perform other options.
• ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH and is disabled when EN pin is pulled LOW.
• Board has a 2.4 GHz antenna for a long-range of network
• CP2102 is USB to TTL converter.
• ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa® 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor
which operates at 80 to 160 MHz adjustable clock frequency and supports RTOS.
ESP8266 NodeMCU Pin Description and
Specifications
• 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory
• ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can connect to WiFi network for
interacting with Internet and can also set up a network of its own, allowing other devices to connect
directly to it which makes it even more versatile.
• ESP8266 has 2 onboard buttons along with an on-board LED which connects with D0 PIN.
• Two buttons are FLASH and RST.
• FLASH pin– It is to download new programs to the board
• RST pin – It is to reset the ESP8266 chip
• ESP8266 can be used are:
• Making a web server using ESP8266; Controlling DHT11 using the NodeMCU; ESP8266 weather
station-using BMP280; ESP8266 NTP serDvr.eDrivyfaoAgrarfwealtching time
 Lua
•
Programming
Lua is a powerful, efficient, lightweight, embeddable scripting language.
• Supports procedural programming, object-oriented programming,
functional
programming, data-driven programming, and data description.
• Lua combines simple procedural syntax with powerful data description constructs based on
associative arrays and extensible semantics.
• Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode with a register-based
virtual
machine, and has automatic memory management with incremental garbage collection,
making it ideal for configuration, scripting, and rapid prototyping.
• Lua is a proven, robust language which is powerful and available for free.
Programming
Model
• NodeMCU programming model is similar to that of Node.js, only in Lua.
• It is asynchronous and event-driven.
• Includes callback functions.
Interface DHT11 (Humidity
Sensor) Using NodeMCU
Components Required
• Breadboard
• Micro USB Cable
• ESP8266 NodeMCU
• DHT11 Humidity and Temperature sensor
• Jumper Wires
• Arduino IDE
Interface DHT11 (Humidity
Sensor) Using NodeMCU
Connection between Node MCU
and DHT11
Node MCU and DHT
sensor Code
#include "DHT.h"
DHT dht2(2,DHT11);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println("Temperature in C:");
Serial.println((dht2.readTemperature( )));
Serial.println("Humidity in C:");
Serial.println((dht2.readHumidity()));
delay(1000);
}
Connection between Node MCU and
RGB Led
• GND pin of module – GND pin of
nodemcu.
• R pin (red light) of module –
digital-
2 pin of nodemcu.
• G pin (green light) of module –
digital-1 pin of nodemcu.
• B pin (blue color) of module –
digital-0 pin of nodemcu.
Connection between Node MCU and
RGB Led
• GND pin of module – GND pin of nodemcu.
• R pin (red light) of module – digital-2 pin of nodemcu.
• G pin (green light) of module – digital-1 pin of nodemcu.
• B pin (blue color) of module – digital-0 pin of nodemcu.
Node MCU and RGB LED
Module
void setup() Code
{ // GREEN LED ON
pinMode(16,HIGH); // Blue - D0 Pin digitalWrite(16,LOW);
pinMode(5,HIGH); // Green - D1 Pin digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
pinMode(4,HIGH); // Red - D2 Pin digitalWrite(4,LOW);
} delay(1000);
void loop() // RED LED ON
{ digitalWrite(16,LOW);
// BLUE LED ON digitalWrite(5,LOW);
digitalWrite(16,HIGH); digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(5,LOW); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4,LOW); }
delay(1000);
Node MCU and RGB LED
Module
const int RED =Code
5;
const int GREEN = 4; void loop()
const int BLUE = 0; { analogWrite(RED,
50);
void setup() analogWrite(GREEN,
{ pinMode(RED, 50);
OUTPUT); analogWrite(BLUE,
pinMode(GREEN, OUTPUT); 200);
pinMode(BLUE, OUTPUT); delay (1000);
} analogWrite(RED, 100);
analogWrite(GREEN,
100);
analogWrite(BLUE,
100);
delay (1000);
}
Connection between Node MCU and
LDR Module
• GND pin of module – GND pin of
nodemcu.
• R pin (red light) of module –
digital-
2 pin of nodemcu.
•
G pin (green light) of module –
digital-1 pin of nodemcu.
•
B pin (blue color) of module –
digital-0 pin of nodemcu.
Node MCU and LDR
Module
void setup() Code
{
Serial.begin(9600); // initialize serial communication at 9600 BPS
}

void loop()
{

int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // read the input on analog pin 0

float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0); // Convert the analog reading (which
goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V)

Serial.println(voltage); // print out the value you read

}
Additional
Questions
• Evaluate the efficiency and performance of different communication protocols
in terms of data transfer speed and compatibility with sensors/actuators.
• Compare and evaluate the benefits of using software libraries versus writing
custom code for interacting with complex hardware components in Arduino
sketches.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of an IoT application programming solution in
addressing real-life problems, considering factors like usability, scalability, and
reliability.
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- II
Communication protocols and Arduino Programming: Understand various network
protocols used in IoT, Understand various communication protocols (SPI, I2C, UART). Design
and develop Arduino code needed to communicate the microcontroller with sensors and
actuators, build circuits using IoT supported Hardware platforms such as Arduino, ESP8266
etc., Use of software libraries with an Arduino sketch that allows a programmer to use
complicated hardware without dealing with complexity, Learning IoT application
programming and build solutions for real life problems and test them in Arduino and Node
MCU environments. Understand various wireless Technologies for IoT and its range,
frequency and applications.
Unit 2 – Completed

THANKS