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Dot Product

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16 views31 pages

Dot Product

Uploaded by

hanasat69
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LO.

Dot PRODUCT
HANA REDA
RANA MAGED
ROKIA MOHAMED
MARYAM NASSER
ROWIDA SAID
SONDOS ABDO
2D
GROUP 1
Definition

If a = ‹a1, a2, a3› and b = ‹b1, b2, b3›, then


the dot product of a and b is the number
a • b given by:

a • b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3


the dot product
of two-dimensional vectors is defined in
a similar fashion:

‹a1, a2› ∙ ‹b1, b2› = a1b1 + a2b2


Thus, to find the dot product of a and b, we
multiply and add the corresponding
components.
The result is not a vector.
It is a real number, that is, a scalar.

For this reason, the dot product is sometimes


called the scalar product (or inner product).
Example1

‹2, 4› ∙ ‹3, – 1› = 2(3) + 4(–


1) = 2

‹–1, 7, 4› ∙ ‹6, 2, –½› = (–1)


(6) + 7(2) + 4(–½) = 6

(i + 2j – 3k) ∙ (2j – k) = 1(0)


+ 2(2) + (–3)(–1)
DOT PRODUCT PROPERTIES
If a, b, and c are vectors in V3 and c is
a scalar, then
2
1. a a =|a|
2. a b b a
3. a (b  c) a b  a c
4. (ca) b c(a b) a (cb)
5. 0 a 0
These properties are easily proved
using Definition 1.

For instance, the proofs of Properties 1 and 3


are as follows.
Proof of property.1

a∙a
= a 12 + a 22 + a 32
= |a|2
Proof of property. 3

a • (b + c)
= ‹a1, a2, a3› ∙ ‹b1 + c1, b2 + c2, b3 +

c3 ›

= a1(b1 + c1) + a2(b2 + c2) + a3(b3 +

c3 )

= a1b1 + a1c1 + a2b2 + a2c2 + a3b3 +

a3c3
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
The dot product a • b can be given
a geometric interpretation in terms of
the angle θ between a and b.
This is defined to be the a The dot product a • b can be
given
a geometric interpretation in terms of
the angle θ between a and b.
This is defined to be the angle between
the representations of a and b that start
at the origin, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
In other words, θ: is the angle
: between
the line segmentsOA and OB here.

Note that if a and b


are parallel vectors,
then θ = 0 or θ = π.
THEOREM 3

If θ is the angle between the vectors


a and b, then

a ∙ b = |a||b| cos θ
Proof of equation 4
If we apply the Law of Cosines to triangle OAB here, we get:
|AB|2 = |OA|2 + |OB|2 – 2|OA||OB|
cos θ

Observe that
the Law of Cosines
still applies in
the limiting cases
when θ = 0 or π, or
a = 0 or b = 0
PROOF EQUATION 4
However,
|OA| = |a|

|OB| = |b|

|AB| = |a – b|
So, Equation 4 becomes:

|a – b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 – 2|a||b| cos θ


Proof
Using Properties 1, 2, and 3 of the dot product, we can
rewrite the left side of
the equation as the following:
|a – b|2 = (a – b) ∙ (a – b)
=a∙a–a∙b–b∙a+b∙b
= |a|2 – 2a ∙ b + |b|2
Proof
Therefore, Equation 5 gives:
|a|2 – 2a ∙ b + |b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 – 2|a||b| cos θ
Thus,
–2a ∙ b = –2|a||b| cos θ

or
a ∙ b = |a||b| cos θ
EXAMPLE 2
If the vectors a and b have lengths of 4
and 6, and the angle between them is
π/3, find a ∙ b.

Using Theorem 3, we have:

a ∙ b = |a||b|
cos(π/3)
=4∙6∙½
= 12 l
EXAMPLE 2
COROLLARY 6

If θ is the angle between the nonzero


vectors a and b, then

a b
cos  
| a || b |
EXAMPLE 3

Find the angle between the vectors

a = ‹2, 2, –1› and b = ‹5, –3, 2›


| a | 22  22  (  1) 2 3
and
| b | 52  ( 3) 2  22  38
Also,
a ∙ b = 2(5) + 2(–3) +(–1)(2) = 2
a b 2
cos   
| a || b | 3 38

Thus, from Corollary 6, we have:


So, the angle between a and b is:

 2 
1 
 cos   1.46 (or 84 )
 3 38 
ORTHOGONAL VECTORS
Two nonzero vectors a and b are called
perpendicular or orthogonal if the angle
between them is θ = π/2.
Then, Theorem 3 gives:

a ∙ b = |a||b| cos(π/2) = 0
Conversely, if a ∙ b = 0, then cos θ = 0;
so, θ = π/2.
ZERO VECTORS
The zero vector 0 is considered to be
perpendicular to all vectors.

Therefore, we have the following


method for determining whether two
vectors are orthogonal.
Two vectors a and b are orthogonal
if and only if

a∙b=0
EXAMPLE 4
Show that 2i + 2j – k is perpendicular
to 5i – 4j + 2k.

(2i + 2j – k) ∙ (5i – 4j + 2k)


= 2(5) + 2(–4) + (–1)(2)
=0

So, these vectors are perpendicular


DOT PRODUCT
Show that 2i + 2j – k is perpendicular

to 5i – 4j + 2k.

(2i + 2j – k) ∙ (5i – 4j + 2k)


= 2(5) + 2(–4) + (–1)(2)
=0

So, these vectors are perpendicular


DOT PRODUCT
In the extreme case where a and b
point in exactly the same direction,
we have θ = 0.
So, cos θ = 1 and

a ∙ b = |a||b|
If a and b point in exactly opposite directions, then θ =
π.

So, cos θ = –1 and

a ∙ b = –|a| |b|
Exercise time
Find the angle between the
vectors p=(1,3,−2) and
q=(4,−1,5)
A) θ=cos−1(-9/ root 14⋅ root 42)
B) θ=sin−1(-9/root14⋅ root42)
C) θ=45
D) θ=120
Find the dot product of the
vectors u= (3, −2,4) and v= (1,5,
A) -7
−2)
B) −15
C) 3
D) 9
Determine the angle between the
vectors a= (−1,2,2) and b= (3,
−4,1)
A) 45 degrees
B) 120 degrees
C) 122 degrees
D) 90 degrees
Find the dot product of u= (2,
−3,5) and v= (−1,4, −2)
A) 22
B) 6
C) 10
D) -24
Calculate the angle θ between
the vectors a=⟨1,2, −1⟩ and
b=⟨3,0,4⟩
A) 79 degree
B) 50 degree
C) 90 degree
D) 87 degree

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