Node js

Dr. Sandhya P
Professor
SCOPE
Vellore Institute of Technology - Chennai
What is Node.js?
• Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, JavaScript Runtime
Environment.
• Open-source: source is publicly available for sharing and modification
• Cross-platform: Available on Mac, Windows and Linux
• Build end-to-end JavaScript applications.
• JavaScript runtime is an environment which provides all the necessary
components in order to use and run a JavaScript program outside the
browser.
JavaScript runtime
What can you build with Node.js?
• Traditional websites
• Backend services like APIs
• Real-time applications
• Streaming services
• CLI tools
• Multi-player games
Executing JavaScript with Node
Method 1:
• Node REPL (Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop)
Executing JavaScript with Node
• Method 2:
• Executing code in JavaScript file in command-line
Modules
• A module is an encapsulated reusable chunk of code that has its own
context
• In Node.js each file is treated as a separate module
• Module types:
• Local module – Modules that we create in our application
• Built-in module – Module that Node.js ship without of the box
• Third-party module – Module written by other developers that we can use in
our application
Example - Local Modules – add.js
Example - Local Modules – add.js
CommonJS format for Local Module
add.js
CommonJS format for Local Module
index.js
Local Module - Scope
nscope.js

batman.js

superman.js
Scope (Immediately Invoked
Function Expressions)
• Before module’s scope is executed, Node.js will wrap it with function
wrapper that provides with module scope.
• So conflict of variables or functions is avoided.
Built-in modules
• Modules shipped by Node.js
• Import them
• Built-in modules:
• path
• events
• fs
• stream
• http
path built-in module
Callback style of programming in
Node.js
• In JavaScript functions are first-class objects
• A function can be passed as an argument to a function
• A function can also be returned as values from other functions
Callback style of programming in
Node.js
Callback - asynchronous
• A callback that is often used to continue or resume code execution
after an asynchronous operation has completed.
• Callbacks are used to delay the execution of a function until a
particular time or event has occurred.
• Most of Node.js applications are asynchronous in nature
• Ex: reading data from a file, fetching data from a database
Events Module
• The events module allows us to work with events in Node.js
• An event is an action or an occurrence that has happened in our
application that we can respond to.
• Using the events module, we can dispatch our custom events and
respond to those custom events in a non-blocking manner.
• Say you go to Pizza shop and place an order (event). Then baking the
Pizza is the (response).
Events Module –Example 1
Events Module –Example 1
• EventEmitter – is the class in events module
• emit (emits an event)
• on (registers a listener)
Events Module –Example 2
Events Module – Adding more listeners
Event driven programming
Event driven programming

Observe that the event is triggering the listeners asynchronously (ie) after “Occurs before event” is
displayed.
Custom Event Driven Programming
–
Example
PizzaShop.js
1
Custom Event Driven Programming
–
Example
index1.js
1
Custom Event Driven Programming
–
Example 1
Streams and Buffer
• A stream is a sequence of data that is being moved from one point to
another over time.
• Stream is a built-in module that extends from EventEmitter class
• Readable stream
• Writable stream
• Duplex stream
Streams and Buffer - Example

file1.txt file2.txt(content written into file2.txt from file1.txt)

HTTP
• HTTP –request/response
• Create web server using node.js
• Node.js has access to OS functionality like networking
• Node.js has web server with event loop that runs asynchronously
HTTP – Creating a web server
example
HTTP – Creating a web server
example
HTTP – Creating a web server
example
• createServer()-function that creates a web server, and has a callback
which takes the incoming request and outgoing response as
arguments
• writeHead() – writes 200 as success code to the http response header
• end() – Adds Hello World to the end of the body of the http response
• listen() – The server listens at a specified port (3000 in our example)
and while listening (before processing request) displays the
implementation provided in its callback function.
Inspect the request/response
Inspect the request/response
HTTP-Example 2 – Writing JSON in
response
HTTP-Example 2 – Writing JSON in
response
Express
• Express is a minimalist web development framework for
NodeJS that provides a robust set of features for
creating web applications and services in NodeJS.
node.js and express
• Steps for installation
• Install node.js (npm init – y)
• Install express library (npm i express)
• Create a package called nodemon for dev dependency (npm i –save -dev
nodemon) –this is a script to restart the server.js automatically
• In package.json edit the scripts as follows:
“scripts”:{“devStart”: “nodemon server.js”}
• Create a file called server.js
• npm run devStart (will run the server code)
node.js and express
node.js and express
node.js and express (package.json –
scripts edited)
node.js and express (run in CLI)
node.js and express – Example 1
(set status code and response)
server.js
node.js and express – Example2
(download a page)

This code downloads server.js

node.js and express – Example 3
(Sending json response)
node.js and express – Example 4
(rendering a ejs file from views)
• Install ejs (ejs is the view engine) npm i ejs
• Create a views folder and add a ejs file called jam.ejs
• To use the view engine add the line app.set(‘view engine’,’ejs’)
• ‘pug’ is another view engine that could be used.
• Use render function in server.js to render the jam.ejs in browser
• Restart the server (npm i –save-dev nodemon)
node.js and express – Example 4
(rendering a ejs file from views)
server.js
jam.ejs
node.js and express – example
5(Passing data from server to views)
node.js and express – example
5(Passing data from server to views)
node.js and express (Router)
• An Express Router is an isolated instance of middleware and routes.
• Think of it as a "mini-application" capable only of performing
middleware and routing functions.
• Every Express application has a built-in app router, and you can create
additional router instances as needed.
• Routers behave like middleware themselves, making them versatile
for various use cases.
• You can use a router as an argument to app.use() or as the argument
to another router's use() method.
node.js and express – Example 6
(Router)
server.js
node.js and express – Example 6
(Router)
users.js
node.js and express – Example 6
(Router)
node.js and express – Example 7
(Chaining & middleware)
users.js (chained get, put and delete) param is the middleware that gets
request and executes the remaining code when next() is called.
node.js and express – Example 7
(Chaining & middleware)

After refreshing – observe the

console
 node.js and express – Example 8
(middleware function - logger)

logger is the middleware function called in between request and response, in

this example logger is called thrice
node.js and express – Example 9
(Middleware for Handling static
pages in public folder)

app.use(express.static('public’)); is the
middleware dispensing static page index.html
in public folder.
 node.js and express – Example 10
(Middleware for Handling a form)
server.js
node.js and express – Example 10
(Middleware for Handling a form)
users.js
node.js and express – Example 10
(Middleware for Handling a form)
node.js and express – Example 10
(Middleware for Handling a form)
new.ejs
node.js and express – Example 10
(Middleware for Handling a form)
node.js and express – Example 11
(Middleware for Handling a form)
node.js and express – Example 11
(Middleware for Handling a form)
node.js and express – Example 11
(Middleware for Handling a form)
node.js and express – Example 11
(Middleware for Handling a form)
node.js and express – Example 11
(Middleware for Handling a form)
• Making invalid as false, redirects to the same page
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
• A website is based on the HTTP protocol.
• HTTP is a stateless protocol which means at the end of
every request and response cycle, the client and the
server forget about each other.
• This is where the session comes in.
• A session will contain some unique data about that
client to allow the server to keep track of the user’s
state.
• In session-based authentication, the user’s state is
stored in the server’s memory or a database.
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
• When the client makes a login request to the server, the
server will create a session and store it on the server-side.
• When the server responds to the client, it sends a cookie.
• This cookie will contain the session’s unique id stored on
the server, which will now be stored on the client.
• This cookie will be sent on every request to the server.
• We use this session ID and look up the session saved in the
database or the session store to maintain a one-to-one
match between a session and a cookie.
• This will make HTTP protocol connections stateful.
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
• A cookie is a key-value pair that is stored in the browser.
The browser attaches cookies to every HTTP req
• On the other hand, the session data is stored on the
server-side, i.e., a database or a session store.
• Hence, it can accommodate larger amounts of data.
• To access data from the server-side, a session is
authenticated with a secret key or a session id that we
get from the cookie on every request that is sent to the
server.
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
• In a cookie, you can’t store a lot of data.
• A cookie cannot store any sort of user credentials or secret
information.
• If we did that, a hacker could easily get hold of that
information and steal personal data for malicious activities.
• On the other hand, the session data is stored on the server-
side, i.e., a database or a session store.
• Hence, it can accommodate larger amounts of data.
• To access data from the server-side, a session is authenticated
with a secret key or a session id that we get from the cookie
on every request.
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
• Steps:
• npm install express express-session cookie-parser
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
scdemo.js
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
i.html
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
app.css
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)
node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)

Credentials: user1, mypassword

node.js and express – Example 12
(Middleware for session & cookie)

Redirects to login page on

logout