CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNITY
RAHUL KUMAR LOHANA
2K16/MB/50
INSTITUTE OF MICROBIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHORO
CELL – MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Rahul Kumar
INTRODUCTION:
The type of immune response where the defense cells itself are involved rather
than the secretion of immunoglobulins or antibodies.
• Take action against those antigen that can cross humoral immunity
• These antigen have ability to enter inside the host cell, known as
intracellular antigens.
The defense cells of this type of immunity includes T lymphocytes
• Helper T lymphocyte (TH cell)
• Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (TC cell)
In addition to these, it also involves macrophages and natural killer (N.K)
cell, these cell support cell-mediated immunity.
FUNCTIONS
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• Elimination of intracellular pathogens.
• Elimination of tumor or cancer cells.
PATHWAYS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
A. Antigen-specific:
• It involve the action of T lymphocytes.
• Secretes cytokines specifically to the target cell.
TC CD-8 TCR CD-4
R
TH-cell
Tc-cell
B. Antigen-non-specific:
• It involves the action of NK cell and macrophages.
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• NK cell same as Tc-cell secretes cytokines but target
tumor or cancer cell non-specifically.
• Macrophages accelerate phagocytosis.
NK CELLS
MACROPHAGES
MECHANISM OF IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Recognition
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The first step cell-mediated immune response is the recognition of intracellular
antigen by T lymphocytes.
A. Antigen presenting cells (APCs):
• T lymphocytes cannot recognize antigens directly but they requires presenting
of antigens by host cell.
• These presenter cell are called antigen presenting cells (APCs).
• APCs includes dendritic cells, B-cell and phagocytes such as
macrophages.
• Among these, dendritic cells are the most important APCs than the rest.
MACROPHAGES DENDRITIC CELLS B- CELL
B. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
• These are glycoprotein compounds, helps in cell-cell recognition.
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• Present the peptide fragment of antigens to the T lymphocytes.
• Also known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
There are two types of MHC molecules:
I. Class-I MHC molecule:
• Present peptide fragment of endogenous antigen (replicate
inside the cell) to CD8+ Tc-cell.
• Found on all nucleated cells.
II. Class-II MHC molecule:
• Present peptide fragment of exogenous antigen (enter in the
cell from environment) to CD4+ TH-cell.
• CD stands for cluster of difference.
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Activation
After recognition, the second step is the activation the defense
cells.
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A. Helper T cells (TH-cell):
• When CD4 of TH-cell bound to class II MHC molecule, APC secrets
specific cytokines, such intreleukin-1 (IL-1), which activates
helper T cells.
• Interleukin-1 causes the naive T cell to secrete other cytokines,
including interleukin-2 (IL-2), which stimulates cell division of
that T cell and others activated by the APCs.
• The result is the production of a clone of antigen-specific
activated T cells.
• Some of these mature into memory T cells and await a future
encounter with the same epitope.
• Some TH cells mature into helper T1 (TH1) cells, activates Tc-
cell, and infected macrophages.
• Other mature into helper T2 (TH2)cells. TH2 cells “help” in the
activation of humoral immunity, this phenomena is called co-
B. Cytotoxic T cells:
• Tc-cell, after recognition of antigen, depended upon helper T cells to get
activated.
• Helper T1 (TH1) cells release a cytokine, interleukine-1 to activate Tc-
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cell.
• Tc-cell then release interlrukine-2 to make clone of itself.
• Completely activated Tc-cell are called CTLs.
SUMMARIZED ACTIVATION
PHASE
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RESPONSE OF DEFENSE CELL
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A. Role of activated B-cell:
• In response to TH2-cell, B-cells launch humoral immunity.
• TH2-cell binds to MHC-II molecule of B-cells and release a
cytokine.
• B-cells, then proliferate and differentiate into plasma and
memory cells.
• Effector plasma cells release antibodies or immunoglobulins,
but this against specific endogenous antigen.
• These endogenous antigens responded by antibodies are known
as T-depended antigens, requires the service of TH2-cell.
Humoral Response
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Role of activated Macrophage:
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B.
• Macrophages routinely perform phagocytosis, non-specifically
in innate immune response.
• However, some microbes survives even after being phagocytose.
• TH-cell then activate those infected macrophages by releasing
cytokines.
• The activation of macrophages s similar as of B-cells, but this
time TH1-cell binds to MHC-II molecule.
• TH1 cells stimulate lysosome fusion in these cells, resulting in
the destruction of the bacterial invaders.
Response of Macrophages
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C. Role of Cytotoxic T cells (Tc-cell):
• Tc-cell play important roll in immunity against endogenous antigen such as
virus.
• After activation, the CTLs leave the lymphoid tissue and
enter the lymph and blood vessels.
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• The CTLs bind to the MHC-I/ peptide on the virus infected cell surface and
release a number of active substances.
• Perforins, lethal proteins cause cytolysis of target cell.
• Granzymes, enter the target cell and trigger apoptosis.
•
Natural killer cells
•
NK cell are types of lymphatic cell provide immunity in non-
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specific manner.
• Have influence on both innate and adaptive immunity.
• Take action against tumor and virus
• Some viruses have evolved mechanisms to circumvent the action
of cytotoxic T cells.
• NK- cell express non- TCR related receptors called Killer
Inhibitory receptors (KIRs).
• Virus infected and tumor cell have reduced MHC-I molecules.
• Thus when such cell encounter NK-cells they fail to effectively
engage these KIRs.
• Therefore becomes susceptible to NK-cells-mediated
cytotoxicity.
KILLING: is achieved same as by Tc-cells, the released of various
cytotoxic molecules.
Perforin, cause pores in the membrane of target cell leading to its lysis.
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Granzymes: enter the target cell cause apoptosis (programed cell
death) of the target cell by enhanced fragmentation of its DNA.
SUMMARIZED ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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REFERENCES:
Immunology by Janis Kuby
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Microbiology (a human perspective) by Nester Anderson Roberts
Nester
Microbiology, Principals and Explorations by Jacquelyn G. Black
Fundamentals of Microbiology by I. Edward Alcamo
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THE END
