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Discourse Processing(NLP)

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Shaik Reshma
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6 views

Discourse Processing(NLP)

Uploaded by

Shaik Reshma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Natural Language

Processing
Topic: Discourse processing
Name: Shaik karimulla
Roll No:12117052
1
Objectives
• Introduction to Natural Language Processing
• Important Stages in Natural Language Processing
• Discourse Processing
• Cohesion
• Reference Resolution
• Discourse Cohesion

2
Natural Language Processing
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of artificial
intelligence (AI) that focuses on the interaction between
computers and human language. It enables machines to
understand, interpret, and generate human language in a
way that is meaningful and useful.
• NLP is widely used in applications like chatbots,
translation systems, sentiment analysis, and voice
assistants.
3
Sources:
Left Image
Right Image
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Important Stages in Natural
Language Processing
1. Lexical Analysis- Break the text into meaningful units
such as words, phrases or sentences.
Example:
Input: I love NLP.
Tokens: ["I", "love", "NLP", "."]

5
Important Stages in Natural Language Processing

2. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing)-Analyze the grammatical


structure of a sentence to form a parse tree.
Example:
Sentence: The cat chased the mouse.
Output: Parse tree showing the relationships between words
(e.g., subject, object).

6
Important Stages in Natural
Language Processing
3. Semantic Analysis- Understand the meaning of words
and sentences.
Example:
Sentence: I went to the bank.
Semantic Analysis: Determine whether "bank" refers to a
riverbank or a financial institution based on context

7
Important Stages in Natural
Language Processing
4. Discourse Integration- Analyze the relationships
between sentences in a text or conversation.
Example:
Text: John went to the park. He played soccer.
Integration: "He" refers to "John."

8
Important Stages in Natural
Language Processing
5. Pragmatic Analysis-Understand the intended meaning
behind the text, considering the context.
Example:
Sentence: Can you open the door?
Pragmatic Analysis: Recognize this as a request, not a
yes/no question.

9
Discourse Processing

• Discourse processing focuses on analyzing and


understanding how sentences and ideas are connected
within a piece of text or conversation.
• It ensures that the overall context and meaning of the
text are coherent and meaningful beyond individual
sentences.

10
Cohesion
• Cohesion refers to the linguistic elements (words,
phrases, or grammatical structures) that link sentences
together in a text, ensuring flow and clarity.
• Example:
"John went to the park. He enjoyed the fresh air."
The pronoun "He" creates cohesion by linking back to
"John.“

11
Mechanisms of Cohesion
Mechanism Purpose Example
Reference Refers to entities in or out John left. He was tired.
of text
Substitution Replaces a word to avoid I need a pen. Do you have
repetition one?
Ellipsis Omits understood She likes cats, and I do too.
information
Conjunction Links ideas using He came late, but he
connectives apologized.
Lexical Cohesion Uses vocabulary The car was fast. That
(repetition, synonyms) vehicle could fly.
Parallelism Maintains consistent He runs quickly and speaks
structure clearly.

Reiteration Reinforces ideas through The city was beautiful. It12


repetition was truly stunning.
Reference Resolution
• Resolving references involves identifying what entities or concepts
pronouns, nouns, or phrases refer to within a discourse.
Types of References:
• Anaphora: Referring back to something mentioned earlier.
• Example: Raju read a book. She loved it.("She" refers to Raju, "it" refers to
the book.)
• Cataphora: Referring to something mentioned later in the text.
• Example: Although he was tired, John finished the project.("He" refers to
John.)
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Discourse Cohesion
• Ensures that ideas within a text are logically connected and consistent.
Components:
• Semantic Cohesion: Ideas are related in meaning.
• Syntactic Cohesion: Sentences are grammatically linked.
Example:
Incoherent: "I love ice cream. The weather is hot."
Coherent: "I love ice cream because it helps me cool down on hot days."
The second example has discourse cohesion with a logical connection.

14
Conclusion
We have seen
• What is Natural Language Processing
• Important stages and applications
• What is Discourse Processing?
• What is Cohesion?
• What is Reference Resolution?
• What is Discourse Cohesion?
15
Thank you
Shaik karimulla
12117052
CSE-AI
16

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