Engineering

Drawing

Drawing Instruments and their Uses

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Contents

► Drawing Instruments.

► Methods to Use them

► Standard Size of Drawing Sheet

► Scale

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Learning Objective/ Key learning

► To Select Appropriate tools used in Engineering Drawing.

► To State the various standard size of Drawing Sheet.

► To Use different Scaling methods in Engineering Drawing.

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Prior Knowledge

Use of Tools Such as

Protector

Compass and Rounder

Scale

Drawing Pencil

Set Square etc.

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Drawing Instruments: (Drawing Sheet)
► Drawing sheet is the medium on which drawings are prepared by means of pencils or
pen. Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes as shown in Table.
► A standard A0 size sheet is the one with an area of 1 m-2 and having dimensions of 1189
x 841. Each higher number sheet (A1, A2, A3, etc. in order) is half the size of the
immediately lower numbered sheet. For drawing practice for first year engineering
students A2 size is the preferred drawing sheet. A0: 1189 x 841
A4: 297 x 210

A3: 420 x 297

A2: 594 x 420

A1: 841 x 594

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Drawing Instruments: (Drawing Sheet)

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Drawing Instruments: (Drawing Board)
► Drawing board is made of soft wooden platens. Almost perfect planning of the working
surface of the drawing board is to be ensured.

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Drawing Instruments: (Mini Drafter)
► This is a device used to draw parallel or inclined lines very effectively with ease. This is
mounted on the top left corner of the drawing board by means of a clamping
mechanism which is an integral part of the device.

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Drawing Instruments: (Set squares)
► Set squares are a set of 45° set square and 30°-60° set-square, as shown in figure.They
are used in conjunction with each other and with T-square to draw parallel, inclined and
perpendicular lines. They are made of transparent acrylic.
► Each is having beveled edges with engraved mm or inch marking. The 45° set square
generally has a protractor where as the 30°-60° set-square includes French curves.

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Drawing Instruments: (Compasses and Divider)
► Compasses are used to draw arcs or circles.
► Dividers are used to transfer lengths to the drawings either from scales or from the
drawing itself.

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Drawing Instruments: (Pencils / lead sticks/ pencil sharpener / eraser/etc.)

► The primary tool used in technical drawings is the pencil or lead sticks. Generally for

technical drawings, the three grades of pencil used is HB, H and 2H .

► For different purposes, different grades of pencils are used. Pencil sharpener is used to

mend the pencils.

► Eraser is used to erase the unnecessary part of the pencil drawing.

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Drawing Instruments: (French curve)
► French curve is free form template make of acrylic and is used to draw a smooth curve
passing through a number of points.
► The outer profile of the French curve is adjusted such the smooth curve passes through
more than three points and a curve passing through these lines are drawn.
► The next part of the curve is then drawn by using the next three points in addition to the
last two points of the previous curve. A typical French curve is shown in figure

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SCALES

► DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE ON STANDARD

SIZE DRAWING SHEET. THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO,
WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION.

SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE

AND
THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR.

► SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED FOR ABOVE

PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE.
HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY.
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SCALES

FOR FULL SIZE SCALE

R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 ) MEANS DRAWING & OBJECT ARE OF SAME SIZE.
Other RFs are described as 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 1:100000 etc.
USE FOLLOWING FORMULAS FOR THE CALCULATIONS IN THIS TOPIC.
DIMENSION OF DRAWING
A REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R.F.) =
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
LENGTH OF DRAWING
=
ACTUAL LENGTH
AREA OF DRAWING
=
V ACTUAL AREA
VOLUME AS PER DRWG.
= 3
V ACTUAL VOLUME

B LENGTH OF SCALE = R.F. MAX. X LENGTH TO BE MEASURED.

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SCALES

BE FRIENDLY WITH
Types of SCALES
THESE UNITS.

► PLAIN SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO SINGLE DECIMAL)

1 KILOMETRE = 10 HECTOMETRES ► DIAGONAL SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)

1 HECTOMETRE = 10 DECAMETRES ► VERNIER SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
1 DECAMETRE = 10 METRES
1 METRE = 10 DECIMETRES ► COMPARATIVE SCALES ( FOR COMPARING TWO DIFFERENT UNITS)
1 DECIMETRE = 10 CENTIMETRES
► SCALE OF CORDS ( FOR MEASURING/CONSTRUCTING ANGLES)
1 CENTIMETRE = 10 MILIMETRES

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SCALES (Problems)
► PROBLEM:- Draw a scale 1 cm = 1m to read decimeters, to measure maximum distance of 6 m. Show on it a
distance of 4 m and 6 dm.
► CONSTRUCTION:- b) Draw a line 6 cm long and divide it in 6 equal parts. Each part will represent larger
DIMENSION OF DRAWING division unit.
a) Calculate R.F. = DIMENSION OF OBJECT
c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.

R.F. = 1cm/ 1m = 1/100 d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and
Length of scale = R.F. X max. distance subdivisions on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm.
= 1/100 X 600 cm
e) After construction of scale mention it’s RF and name of scale as shown.
= 6 cms
f) Show the distance 4 m 6 dm on it as shown.

4 M 6 DM

10 0 1 2 3 4 5 METERS
DECIMETERS
R.F. = 1/100
learnwithnkhil PLANE SCALE SHOWING METERS AND DECIMETERS. learnwithnikhil
SCALES (Problems)
► PROBLEM:- In a map a 36 km distance is shown by a line 45 cms long. Calculate the R.F. and construct a plain scale
to read kilometers and hectometers, for max. 12 km. Show a distance of 8.3 km on it.
► CONSTRUCTION:- b) Draw a line 15 cm long and divide it in 12 equal parts. Each part will represent larger
division unit.
a) Calculate R.F.
R.F.= 45 cm/ 36 km c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.

= 45/ (36 x 1000 x 100) d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and
= 1/ 80,000 subdivisions on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm.
Length of scale = R.F. X max. distance
e) After construction of scale mention it’s RF and name of scale as shown.
= 1/ 80000 X 12 km
f) Show the distance 8.3 km on it as shown.
= 15 cm
8KM 3HM

10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
KILOMETERS
HECTOMETERS
R.F. = 1/80,000
PLANE SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS AND HECTOMETERS
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SCALES (DIAGONAL SCALE )
► We have seen that the plain scales give only two dimensions, such as a unit and it’s subunit or it’s
fraction.
► The diagonal scales give us three successive dimensions that is a unit, a subunit and a subdivision of a subunit.
Y
► The principle of construction of a diagonal scale is as follows. X
10’ 10
► Let the XY in figure be a subunit. 9’ 9
8
► From Y draw a perpendicular YZ to a suitable height. 8’

7’ 7
► Join XZ. Divide YZ in to 10 equal parts. 6’ 6
► Draw parallel lines to XY from all these divisions and number them as shown. 5’ 5
4
► From geometry we know that similar triangles have their like sides proportional. 4’

3’
3
► Consider two similar triangles XYZ and 7’ 7Z, 2
2’
► we have 7Z / YZ = 7’7 / XY (each part being one unit) 1’
1

► Means 7’ 7 = 7 / 10 x X Y = 0.7 XY Z
► Similarly 1’ – 1 = 0.1 XY 2’ – 2 = 0.2 XY
► Thus, it is very clear that, the sides of small triangles, which are parallel to divided lines, become
progressively shorter in length by 0.1 XY.
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SCALES (Problems)
► PROBLEM:- The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is represented by a line 5 cm long.
Find it’s R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum 600 km. Indicate on it following distances. 1)
222 km 2) 336 km
► CONSTRUCTION:- a) Draw a line 15 cm long. It will represent 600 km. Divide it in six equal parts. (each will
represent 100 km.)
RF = 5 cm / 200 km
b) Divide first division in ten equal parts. Each will represent 10 km. Draw a line upward from left
= 1 / 4000000 end and mark 10 parts on it of any distance. Name those parts 0 to 10 as shown. Join 9th
sub-division of horizontal scale
Length of scale c) with 10th division of the vertical divisions. Then draw parallel lines to this line from remaining
sub divisions and
= 1 / 4000000 X 600 X 105
= 15 cm d) complete diagonal scale.
336 km
222 km
10
9
8
R.F. = 1 / 40,00,000 7
6
DIAGONAL SCALE
KM

5
SHOWING 4
3
KILOMETERS. 2
1
0
KM 50
100 0 100 200 300 400 500 KM
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SCALES (Problems)
► PROBLEM:- Draw a diagonal scale of R.F. 1: 2.5, showing centimeters and millimeters and long enough to measure
up to 20 centimeters.
► CONSTRUCTION:- a) Draw a line 8 cm long and divide it in to 4 equal parts. (Each part will represent a length of 5
cm.) and Divide the first part into 5 equal divisions. (Each will show 1 cm.)
R.F. = 1 / 2.5
b) At the left hand end of the line, draw a vertical line and on it step-off 10 equal divisions of any
Length of scale length.
= 1 / 2.5 X 20 cm. c) Complete the scale as explained in previous problems. Show the distance 13.4 cm on it.
= 8 cm.

13 .4 CM

10
9
8
7
6
MM

5
4
3
2
1
0
CM 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 10 15 CENTIMETRES

R.F. = 1 / 2.5
DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING CENTIMETERS.
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See you in Next Video Lecture !!!

Reference:

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/103/112103019/

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