Energy, Plants and

Environment

Jebunnesa Chowdhury
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BIODIVERSITY
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• Biodiversity conservation refers to the

preservation and management of biological
diversity in order to gain resources for long-term
development.
• To ensure that biological variety is preserved.

• Species and ecosystems can be used in a sustainable way.

• To keep vital ecological processes and life-supporting

systems running smoothly.

• Area with higher species abundance has a more stable

environment compared to an area with lower species
abundance

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Energy, Plants and
Environment
Environment
Ecology. the air, water, minerals,
organisms, and all other external
factors surrounding and affecting a
given organism at any time.

Plant growth and geographic distribution are greatly affected by the

environment. If any environmental factor is less than ideal, it limits a plant's
growth and/or distribution. For example, only plants adapted to limited
amounts of water can live in deserts.
Plants and
Environment
Either directly or indirectly, most plant problems are caused by
environmental stress. In some cases, poor environmental conditions
(e.g., too little water) damage a plant directly. In other cases,
environmental stress weakens a plant and makes it more susceptible
to disease or insect attack.

Environmental factors that affect plant growth include light,

temperature, water, humidity, and nutrition. It is important to
understand how these factors affect plant growth and development.

With a basic understanding of these factors, you may be able to

manipulate plants to meet your needs, whether for increased leaf,
flower, or fruit production. Thus genetic engineering provide us many
thing. By recognizing the roles of these factors, you also will be better
able to diagnose plant problems caused by environmental stress.
 Environmental Factors
The following factors affect where animals and plants will be
found-
The temperature of the environment.
The humidity of the air.
The pH of the area.
The light intensity of the area.
The flow rate of the water in the area.
The flow rate of wind in the area.
 Environmental Factors

Temperature- the spring Cactus plant found in Arizona.

Gentian is famous for its blue Grows to a height of twelve feet.
flowers and grows where the Stores every available amount of
temperature is low. water.
 Environmental Factors
Humidity:- Mosses are simple
plants which are found in
damp places.
 Why mosses are found in humid area?
•They don't have any vascular tissue to carry water and nutrients.

•Mosses are so small that fluid and nutrient can easily spread
throughout the plant as needed. This makes them extremely vulnerable
to dehydration (water loss), so most grow in moist area. Instead of root
they have rhizoids which can absorb very little amount of water.
Environmental Factors
Light intensity :- this is the amount of light
in the environment. It is measured with a
light meter similar to that used with a
camera.
Light intensity or light quantity refers to the
total amount of light that plants receive. It is
also described as the degree of brightness that
a plant is exposed to. In contrast to light
quality, the description of the intensity of light
does not consider wavelength or color.
Two adjacent plants may have differential light
exposure
Deficient light intensities tend to reduce plant growth, development and
yield. This is because low amount of solar energy restricts the rate of
photosynthesis. Below a minimum intensity, the plant falls below
the compensation point. Photosynthesis significantly slows down or
ceases while respiration continues.

Compensation point is the metabolic point at which the rates of

photosynthesis and respiration are equal so that leaves do not gain or
lose dry matter.
Likewise, excessive light intensity should be avoided. It can scorch the leaves and
reduce crop yields.

Etiolation, a morphological manifestation of the adverse effect of

inadequate light, is described by Chapman and Carter (1976) in the
following manner: it develops white, spindly stems, elongated
internodes, leaves that are not fully expanded, and a stunted root
 Environmental Factors
pH :- This is a measure of the
acidity of the soil. It is
measured with pH paper. Acid
turns pH paper red.
The soil in high rainfall areas
tends to be acidic. Plants like
rhododendrons and azaleas
grow in this type of soil.
But most of the factors are changing…

WHY???????
 REASONS FOR CHANGE

MAN`S ACTIONS: The activities of human beings

affects food webs, e.g. cutting down forests can affect
the animal population in these forests.
MAN`S ACTIONS: The activities of humans can also
affect marine life, e.g. fish farming in Scotland has
affected the populations of sea animals.
DISASTERS: Disasters like oil pollution, radiation,
industrial waste can affect food webs.
 Food Chain

 Except for a few exceptions, all of the energy for all life and
human technology comes from the SUN.
 This flow of energy is transported through the animals by a
system biologists call the food chain.
 Animals and humans can't eat sunshine. Plants are the first
level in the food chain. They convert sunlight to food for
animals.
 Food Chain

Primary Producers: Green plants and certain types of bacteria

and algae are the primary producers because they are the ones
that produce usable energy for the rest of the living organisms on
earth. They use energy from the sun to make sucrose, glucose,
and other compounds that other life forms can eat and "burn" for
energy.

Primary Consumers: Herbivores are the plant eaters. They have

the ability to digest the plants they eat and release the energy
stored in the plant cells for their own use. Some examples of
animals in this group are deer, cows, elephants, rabbits, elks,
zebras, most insects, and birds that eat fruit and seeds.
Secondary Consumers: Predators and scavengers are in this group. They
eat the guys that eat the plants and sometimes they eat each other.
Most of these animals can't eat plants at all. They would starve to
death if it weren't for the Herbivores digesting the plants first. These
guys are the meat eaters (carnivores).

Decomposers: They are the guys that eat up dead bodies - both plant
and animal. And aren't we glad they do. This group of useful critters
are mostly bacteria and fungus, but also, according to our sources,
includes maggots, dung beetles, earth worms, sow bugs, and many
other eaters of dead organic matter. Without them there would be a
lot of dead bodies lying around.
 Food Chain
The food chainPlants, energy
is a linear and
sequence Environment
of organisms where nutrients and
energy is transferred from one organism to the other.
10% energy move from one organism to another.
 Symbiosis
Symbiosis is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two
different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, communalistic, or parasitic. The
organisms may be of the same or of different species.

In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike

organisms".
Symbiosis (communalistic)
Symbiosis occurs when two different
species benefit from living and
working together. When one
organism actually lives inside the
other it's called endosymbiosis. The
endosymbiotic theory describes how
a large host cell and ingested
bacteria could easily become
dependent on one another for
survival, resulting in a permanent
relationship. Over millions of years of
evolution, mitochondria and
chloroplasts have become more
specialized and today they cannot
live outside the cell.
 Symbiosis
 Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within
the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly.
 Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship
in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host.
 A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits
while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic
symbiosis
 Mycorrhizae
Finally, there are relationships between plants that involve pollinators,
animals, birds, pests, predators, and even nutrient transport between species
through symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.
A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a
vascular plant.
Mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases, such as those caused
by microbial soil-borne pathogens are also more resistant to the effects of
drought.
These relationships are quite complex, and many are not well understood.
They are the subject of active research and offer much to think about for
thoughtful gardeners.
 Allelopathy (A type of relationship between plants and environment)

 In this phenomenon, some plants produce compounds in their leaves, roots,

or both that inhibit the growth of other plants.
 Black walnut is the most notorious example. Its roots can suppress many
common vegetable plants, and its leaves, if mulched on a vegetable garden
over the winter, can affect many annual crops like an herbicide the following
spring. Some of the worst weeds show allelopathic traits and prevent desired
ornamental or vegetable species from growing.
 Different types of
plants

Plants
Herbs: Starting from the smallest, herb is a short plant with green, delicate stem.
Generally, they have few branches or branchless. These can be easily uprooted
from the soil. Tomato, wheat, grass are few examples of herbs.
 Different types of
plants
Plants
Shrubs: Shrubs are much taller than herbs; they might be of your height. Shrub
is a medium-sized plant with bushy, hard stems with branches. Although
stems are hard, they are flexible but not fragile. Rose, lemon, and henna are
some of the common shrubs around us.
 Different types of
plants
Plants
Trees: Trees are big, tall plants. They have very thick and hard stems called the
trunk. This single main stem i.e, trunk give rises to many branches bearing leaves
and fruits. Some trees are branchless like coconut tree; they have only one main
stem which bears leaves, flowers, and fruits all by itself. Banyan, mango, cashew,
are some examples of trees
 Different types of
plants

Plants
Creepers: Creepers, as the name suggests, are plants which creep on grounds.
They have very fragile stems that can neither stand erect nor support all of its
weight. For example, watermelon, pumpkin, etc.
 Different types of
plants
Plants
Climbers: Climbers are much advanced than creepers. Even climbers have a
very weak stem but they can climb upon some support to grow and carry their
weight. These types use special structures called tendrils to climb on. Examples
are pea plant, money plant, etc.
Tendrils:
Tendrils are skinny, wiry structures along the plant's stem that actually
reach around in the air until they come into contact with something
they can grab. Once contact is made, the tendril curls, forming a coil
that allows the plant to adjust the degree of tension or pull on the
support.
There are two kinds of tendrils. Stem tendrils (which passionflowers
and grapes have) are shoots that grow out of the stem. Leaf tendrils
(which peas have) look very similar, but the tendrils are actually
modified leaves that emerge from a leaf node.