BIO

PRESENTATION
BY-GROUP
5
INTRODUCTI
ON
 Our skeletal system is a
INTRO framework of bones and a
few cartilages. The
skeletal system plays a
major role in movement
shown by the body.
Chewing food, walking,
running, etc., all of these
movements aren't
possible without the
skeletal system. Bone
and cartilage are
specialized connective
tissues, bones having a
hard matrix due to the
presence of calcium salts
and cartilages having a
slightly pliable matrix
due to the presence of
chondroitin salts. In
 This totals to 22 bones. Cranial bones are
8 in number and they form the hard,
protective outer covering of the skull, the
cranium for the brain. The facial region is
composed of 14 skeletal elements which is
the basis for the front section of the skull.
A single U-shaped bone called the hyoid
bone is present at the base of the buccal
cavity and it is also included in the skull.
Each middle ear contains 3 tiny bones,
Malleus, Incus and Stapes which are
collectively called Ear Ossicles. The skull
region articulates with the superior region
of the vertebral column with the help of 2
occipital condyles (dicondylic skull)
The vertebral
column and Our vertebral column is formed by
ribcage 26 serially arranged units called
vertebrae and is dorsally placed. It
extends from the base of the skull
and constitutes the main framework
of the trunk. Each vertebra has a
central hollow portion (neural canal)
through which the spinal cord
passes. First vertebra is the atlas
and it articulates with the occipital
condyles
The vertebral column is differentiated into
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral
(1-fused) and coccygeal (1-fused) regions
starting from the skull. The number of
cervical vertebrae are seven in almost all
mammals including human beings. The
vertebral column protects the spinal cord,
supports the head and serves as the point
of attachment for ribs and musculature of
the back
Sternum is a flat bone on
the ventral midline of
thorax. There are 12 pairs
of ribs. Each rib is a thin
flat bone connected
dorsally to the vertebral
column and ventrally to
the sternum. It has two
articulation surfaces on its
dorsal end and is hence
called bicephalic. First
seven pairs of ribs are
called true ribs. Dorsally,
they are attached to the
thoracic vertebrae and
ventrally connected to the
sternum with the help of
hyaline cartilage
The 8th,9th and 10th pairs of
ribs do not articulate
directly with the sternum
but join the seventh rib
with the help of hyaline
cartilage. These are called
vertebrochondral (false)
ribs. Last 2 pairs (11th and
12th) of ribs are not
connected ventrally
and are therefore, called
floating ribs. Thoracic
vertebrae, ribs and
sternum together form the
rib cage
 APPENDUCULAR SKELETON

• The appendicular skeleton consist of:

• 126 bones
• Allows us to move and manipulate
objects
• Includes all bones besides axial
skeleton
• The limbs
• The supportive girdles
• The Pectoral girdle with the upper
limbs and the Pelvic girdle with the
Pectoral Girdle lower limb
• The human body has two pectoral
girdles that attach the bones of the
upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• The pectoral girdle consists of:
• 2 Clavicle (Collar bone)
• 2 Scapula (Shoulder blade)
PICTORIAL GIRDLE

• Also called the shoulder girdle

• Connects the arms to the body•
Positions the shoulders
• Provides a base for arm movement•
Consists of
• Two clavicles
• Two scapulae
• Connects with the axial skeleton only
at the manubrium

• The Scapulae
• Also called shoulder blades
• Broad, flat triangles
 • The Scapulae
• Structures of the scapula
• Body has three sides:
• superior border
• medial border (vertebral border)
• lateral border (axillary border)
• Body has three corners:
• superior angle
• inferior angle
• The Clavicles
• lateral angle
• Also called collarbones
• Long S-shaped bones
• Originate at the
manubrium(Sternal end)
• Articulate with the
scapulae(acromial end)
• The upper limb consist of the arms,
forearms , wrists and hands

• The Humerus
• The Shaft
• Deltoid tuberosity:
• a bulge in the shaft
• attaches deltoid muscle
• Radial groove:
• for radial nerve
• Metacarpal Bones • posterior to deltoid tuberosity
• The five long bones of the
hand
• Numbered I-V from lateral
(thumb) to medial Pollex
(thumb)
• Two phalanges (proximal,
distal)
• Fingers
• Three phalanges (proximal,
middle, distal)
THE PELVIC GIRDLE

• Made up of two hip bones (coxal

bones)
• Strong to bear body weight, stress of
movement
• Part of the pelvis
• Coxal bones
• Made up of three fused bones
• Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
• Ischium
• Pubis
THE PELVIC GIRDLE

• Comparing the Male Pelvis and

Female Pelvis
• Female pelvis
• Smoother and lighter
• Less prominent muscle and ligament
attachments
• Pelvis modifications for Childbearing
• enlarged pelvic outlet
• broad pubic angle (>100°)
• less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
• wide, circular pelvic inlet
• broad, low pelvis
• ilia project laterally, not upwards
THE LOWER LIMB

• Bones of the Lower Limbs

• Femur (thigh)
• Patella (kneecap)
• Tibia and fibula (leg)
• Tarsals (ankle)
• Metatarsals (foot)
• Phalanges (toes)
ANKLE SPRAIN
JOINTS
Joints, also known as articulations, are points
in the body where two or more bones meet.
They allow for movement and provide
support. There are different types of joints,
including:

1. *Fibrous Joints:* Connected by dense

connective tissue, allowing minimal
movement. Example: sutures in the skull.

2. *Cartilaginous Joints:* Connected by

cartilage, providing limited movement.
Example: intervertebral discs in the spine.

3. *Synovial Joints:* Freely movable joints

with a synovial fluid-filled cavity. Examples
include ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder), hinge
(elbow, knee), and pivot (neck) joints. Each
type of joint serves specific functions in the
 DISORDER OF SKELETAL
AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM Myasthenia gravis(MG)-
IT is the weakness and
rapid fatigue of voluntary
muscles.
Rare- Fewer than 1 mil
cases per year(IND).
Caused by-Antibodies
produced by the immune
system which causes a
breakdown in
communication between
Myasthenia gravis(MG) nerves and muscles.
Symptoms-Weakness in
arm and leg, muscles ,
difficulties with
speech ,chewing ,
swallowing . fatigue , etc.
Cure/Treatment- There is No cure but symptoms can be
controlled.

Medication-Blood transfusion, muscle strengthener, steroid

 Muscular
dystrophy(MD) - It is
the progressive
degeneration or
weakness and loss of
muscle mass due to
genetic disorder i.e.,
due to abnormal
genes(Mutation).
Rare- Fewer than 1 mil
cases per year(IND)
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY(MD) Caused by-Genetic
mutations
Symptoms-Pair in
muscles, abnormality in
walking, loss of muscle
or permanent
Cure/Treatment- Cannot be cured, but treatment can of
shortening be muscle.
used to
control it.

Medication-Steroids, Physical therapy, Physical exercise

 Tetany – A
symptom that
involves wild
contractions
(rapid spasms)in
muscles due to
electrolytic
2+
imbalances most
Tetany
often due to low Ca
in body
fluids(hypocalcemia
)
Cure/Treatment- Calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements,
magnesium tablets.
 Arthritis – IT is the
inflammation of joints
causing pain and
stiffness that can
worsen with age.
Very common - More
than 10 mil cases per
year(IND).
Causes -Depends on
Arthritis the type of arthritis.
Symptoms -Pain and
swelling, reduced
range of motion and
stiffness.
Cure/Treatment-Stretching, mass age , acupuncture, self care
hydrotherapy.
Surgery-Hip replacement ,knee replacement ,joint replacement
Medication-Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug , steroid etc.
 CREDIT
S
LEADER and INTRO: Tia
Editor 1st Speaker and 2.5th speaker:
Imkong
2nd speaker: Markum
3th speaker: Changsong
4th speaker: Loniel