Module 4
Noise In Digital Communications
Bit Error Rate
Detection of a Single Pulse in Noise
Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise
Optimum Detection of BPSK
Detection of QPSK and QAM in Noise
Optimum Detection of Binary FSK
Differential Detection in Noise
Summary of Digital Performance
Department of EECE, EECE3011:Digital Communications
Noise In Digital Communications
• In the recent years, digital communication has been replacing existing
analog communication in almost every instance.
• The reasons are:
• the greater noise tolerance provided by digital communication
• the almost exact reproducibility of digital sequences at the
receiver.
• rapid growth of machine-to-machine communications, such as on
the Internet.
• spectacular evolution of digital electronics.
• robustness of digital communications through the use of error-
correction codes is an important advantage over analog.
Though digital communications have a greater noise tolerance
than analog, still noise has significant effect , that we will
discuss in this chapter
Bit Error Rate
• With digital systems, it is the output quality of the information that is the
primary concern.
• Since the information is digital and usually has a binary representation, this
quality is measured in terms of the average bit error rate (BER).
• A bit error occurs whenever the transmitted bit and the corresponding
received bit do not agree; this is a random event.
• Let n denote the number of bit errors observed in a sequence of bits of
length N; then the relative frequency definition of BER is:
• many digital systems transfer information in packets and,
regardless of whether there is one error in the packet or a hundred,
the whole packet must be discarded.
• In these systems, the measure of quality is often the packet error
rate (PER).
• This can be directly related to the BER if the bit errors are
statistically independent
Detection of single pulse
we assume that the noise process is white such that
Then the above variance equation can be rewritten as:
*The third line follows from the assumption that
the receive filter, has been normalized; that is
Detection of single pulse
• To summarize, the noise sample at the output of the linear
receiver has
Next we consider the signal
component
To maximize the S/N , choose to maximize the Signal component.
Condition to S/N maximization is:
Detection of single pulse
• The above eq. implies that the receive filter is matched to the
transmit-pulse shape.
• This is the principle of matched filter detection .
• That is, with single-pulse transmission, processing the received
signal with a filter matched to the transmitted signal maximizes the
signal-to-noise ratio.
• Now the detector equation below can be re-written as:
Detection of single pulse
• this expression is the equivalent to the cross-correlation of two ergodic
signals s(t) & r(t)
• Consequently, the receiver structure with is referred as
correlation receiver.
• the signal component of this correlation is maximized at
• This emphasizes the importance of synchronization when performing
optimum detection
Detection of single pulse
we assume that the noise process is white such that
Then the above variance equation can be rewritten as:
*The third line follows from the assumption that
the receive filter, has been normalized; that is
Detection of single pulse
• To summarize, the noise sample at the output of the linear
receiver has
Next we consider the signal
component
To maximize the S/N , choose to maximize the Signal component.
Condition to S/N maximization is:
Detection of single pulse
• The above eq. implies that the receive filter is matched to the
transmit-pulse shape.
• This is the principle of matched filter detection .
• That is, with single-pulse transmission, processing the received
signal with a filter matched to the transmitted signal maximizes the
signal-to-noise ratio.
• Now the detector equation below can be re-written as:
Detection of single pulse
• this expression is the equivalent to the cross-correlation of two ergodic
signals s(t) & r(t)
• Consequently, the receiver structure with is referred as
correlation receiver.
• the signal component of this correlation is maximized at
• This emphasizes the importance of synchronization when performing
optimum detection
