Module 5

Explain the trends in bioengineering

• Personalized medicine: Bioengineers are working to develop new tools and technologies that can tailor
medical treatments to an individual’s specific needs, based on their genetic and molecular profile.
• Gene editing: CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology has revolutionized the field of genetics, allowing for
precise modifications to the genetic code.
• Bioengineers are exploring new ways to us gene editing to treat genetic diseases and develop new therapies
• Tissue engineering: Bioengineers are using 3D printing and other technologies to create artificial organs and
tissues for transplantation, as well as to develop new methods for drug testing and disease modeling.
• Synthetic biology: Bioengineers are working to create new biological systems and organisms with novel
properties, such as bacteria that can produce biofuels or clean up environmental contaminants.
• neuroengineering: Bioengineers are developing new technologies for study and treat neurological disorders,
such as brain-machine interfaces that can help people with paralysis regain movement.
• Biomaterials: Bioengineers are creating new materials that can be used in medical implants, drug delivery
systems, and other applications, with properties that mimic those of natural tissues and organs.
• Data-driven bioengineering: Bioengineers are using machine learning and other data-driven approaches to
analyze large datasets of biological and medical data, with the goal of developing new insights and therapies.
Explain different techniques of
bioprinting and biomaterial.
• There are several bioprinting techniques, each with its advantages and limitations. Here are some of the most commonly used bioprinting
techniques:
 Extrusion-based bioprinting: This method uses a syringe to extrude bioink containing living cells and biomaterials onto a substrate. It is a
fast and cost-effective method, but it has limited resolution and cell viability.
 Inkjet-based bioprinting: This method uses a print head to deposit droplets of bioink onto a substrate. It has high resolution but low cell
viability.
 Laser-based bioprinting: This method uses a laser to create microscale patterns on a substrate, which are then filled with bioink. It has high
resolution and cell viability but is expensive and requires specialized equipment.
 Stereolithography-based bioprinting: This method uses a laser to solidify a liquid photopolymer containing living cells and biomaterials. It
has high resolution and cell viability but is expensive and requires specialized equipment.
 Hydrogels: Hydrogels are water-absorbent polymers that can provide a suitable environment for cell growth and proliferation.
 Synthetic polymers: Synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) can provide mechanical
support to the printed structures.
 Natural polymers: Natural polymers such as collagen, gelatin, and alginate are often used in bioprinting due to their biocompatibility and
similarity to the extracellular matrix (ECM).
 Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM): dECM is obtained by removing cells from natural tissues, leaving behind a scaffold that can be
used in bioprinting. It provides a natural environment for cells to grow and differentiate
Write difference between bioprinting
and 3d printing
• 3D printers extrude molten plastic that • bioprinters are designed to print
hardens to become a 3D object liquid and gel-based materials
• Traditional 3D medical printers use inorganic and can additionally perform
compounds such as polymer resins, metal, noncontact droplet printing.
plastic, ceramic and rubber among other
things. The printer will deposit the desired • bioprinting works with organic
materials on a substrate in a specific pattern materials (including living cells)
that is based on the texture and the to create structures
dimensions of the target object. approximating body parts
• Users often rely on scanned images of the • Bioprinting can produce living
target to obtain accurate measurements. tissue, bone, blood vessels and,
Research labs, surgeons and corporations have potentially,
used this technology to create surgical
instruments, implants and models of various • -whole organs for use in medical
tissues and organs. procedures, training and testing.
Explain bioprinting of ear
• The procedure for 3D bioprinting of an ear typically involves several steps:
• Imaging and Modeling: The first step is to create a digital model of the ear using specialized software. This is
done by taking images of the ear and converting them into a 3D digital model.
• Scaffold Creation: Once the digital model is created, a scaffold is 3Dprinted using a biocompatible hydrogel
material. This scaffold will provide a structure for the cells to grow on.
• Cell Preparation: Cells are extracted from the patient's own tissues, such as cartilage cells, and then expanded
in the laboratory. The cells are then seeded onto the scaffold.
• Bioprinting: The bioprinter is then used to deposit the cells onto the scaffold in a layer-by-layer manner. The
printer uses a process called extrusion-based printing or inkjet-based printing to place the cells onto the
scaffold.
• Maturation: Once the cells have been deposited onto the scaffold placed in a bioreactor that mimics the
conditions of the human body. This allows the cells to mature and develop into a functional ear over the
course of several weeks.
• Transplantation: Once the Ear has matured, it can be transplanted into the patient. Because the ear is made
from the patient's own cells, there is a reduced risk of rejection It's important to note that 3D bioprinting of
an ear is still in the early stages of development and is not yet widely available.
Explain the bioprinting of bone.
• 3D bioprinting of bone:3D bioprinting of bone is a rapidly advancing field in tissue engineering +and regenerative
medicine that involves the creation of three-dimensional bone issue using a bioprinter. The process of 3D
bioprinting of bone typically involves the following steps
• Imaging and Modeling: The first step is to create a digital model of the bone using specialized software. This is
done by taking images of the bone, such as CT scans, and converting them into a3D digital model.
• Scaffold Creation : Once the digital model is created, a scaffold is3D printed using a biocompatible material such
as hydroxy apatite or collagen. This scaffold will provide a structure for the cells to grow
• cell Preparation: Stem cells or bone-forming cells called osteoblasts are extracted from the patient’s own tissues
or from a donor and then expanded in the laboratory. The cells are then seeded onto the scaffold.
• Bioprinting: The bioprinter is then used 10 deposit the cells onto the scaffold in a layer-by-layer manner. The
printer uses a process called extrusion-based printing or inkjet-based printing to place the cells onto the scaffold
• Maturation: Once the cells have been deposited onto the scaffold, it is placed in a bioreactor that provides the
optimal conditions for bone formation. This allows the cells to mature and develop into afunctional bone tissue
over the course of several weeks
• Transplantation: Once the bone tissue has matured, it can be transplanted into the patient. Because the bone
tissue is made from the patient’s own cells, there is a reduced risk of rejection.
Explain 3D bioprinting of skin
protocol
• The 3D bioprinting of skin protocol typically involves several steps
• imaging and Modeling: The fist step is to create a digital model of the skin using specialized software. This
is done by taking images of the skin and converting them into a 3D digital model.
• Scaffold Creation: Once the digital model is created, a scaffold is3D printed using a biocompatible
hydrogel material. This scaffold will provide a structure for the cells to grow
• Cell Preparation: Cells are extracted from the patient's own tissues, such as skin cells, and then expanded
in the laboratory. The cells are then seeded onto the scaffold
• Bioprinting: The bioprinter is then used to deposit the cells on to the scaffold in a layer-by-layer manner.
The printer uses a process called extrusion-based printing or inkjet-based printing to place the cells onto
the scaffold
• Maturation: Once the cells have been deposited onto the scaffold,
• It is placed in a bioreactor that mimics the conditions of the human body. This allows the cells to mature
and develop into a functional skin tissue over the course of several weeks.
• Transplantation: Once the skin has matured, it can be transplanted into the patient. Because the skin is
made from the patient's own cells, there is a reduced risk of rejection
Explain 3 D printing emerging food
technology
SCOPE : creation of complex, customizable, and visually appealing dishes.
• process: involves creating a 3D model of the food using specialized software and then using a 3D printer to deposit layers of edible materials
until the final product is created.
• There are different types of 3D food printers available
• different capabilities
• materials.
• Some printers use syringes to deposit the food material, while others use a powder-based system that solidifies the‘ material using heat or
ultraviolet light .
• The materials used for 3D printing food can vary widely, but they are typically edible and food-safe
• For example, technology could be used to create Visually stunning desserts or intricate famishes for high-end restaurant dishes.
• It could also be used to create personalized meals for individuals with specific dietary needs or preferences, such as people with food allergic
or athletes with strict nutritional requirements.
• Chocolate Sculpture: 3D printed food is to create intricate sculptures made entirely out of chocolate.
• Pasta Shapes: pasta shapes that are difficult or impossible to make by hand. This could include shapes like spiral pasta or intricate geometric
designs.
Pancake Art: 3D printing can be used to create custom pancake molds that allow for detailed pancake art designs. This could include designs like
cartoon characters or logos.+ Customized Gummies: 3D printing can he used to create custom 'molds for gummies
• Pizza Toppings: 3D printing can be used to create custom molds for pizza toppings, allowing for unique shapes and designs
• 3D printing can be used to enhance and transform the culinary arts
Write note on electronic tongue in
food science.
• Electronic tongue, also known as e-tongue, is an analytical instrument that mimics the human tongue's sense of
taste and is used in food science to analyze the taste and flavor of different food products.
• The e-tongue consists of a sensor array that can detect different tastes and flavors based on the chemical
composition of the sample.
• The e-tongue works by measuring the electrical properties of the sensor in the array is sensitive10 specific taste-
related chemicals such as salt, sour, sweetness, bitterness, and umami. By measuring the electrical response of
each sensor, the e-tongue can create a profile of the taste and flavor of the food sample
• Application
analyze the quality of food products,
detect adulteration
Contamination
monitor the consistency of food products.
identify the specific taste and flavor
advantages of the e-tongue is that
it can provide objective and reproducible data on taste and flavor characteristics
List the step and explain e tongue
instrumentation
• sensor Array: The e-tongue's sensor array is the heart of the instrument consisting of
several sensors that are sensitive to specific taste-related chemicals such as salt, sourness,
sweetness, bitterness, and umami.
• Sample Holder: The sample holder is the part of the e-tongue that hold the food sample
during testing. It is typically made of a material that inert and does not interact with the
food sample, such as glass or plastic.
• Signal Processor: The e-tongue's signal processor is responsible analyzing the electrical
signals generated by the sensor array in response the food sample. It converts these
signals into a profile of the taste a flavor of the sample, which can be displayed on a
computer screen or output device.
• Data Analysis Software: The e-tongue's data analysis software is used interpret the data
generated by the signal processor and create a profile the taste and flavor of the food
sample. This software can be customized suit the specific needs of a particular application
or industry
Write a note on e nose
• An electronic nose, also known as an e-nose, is an analytical instrument that mimics the human sense of smell and is used
to identify and analyze the aroma or odor of different substances.
• The e-nose consists of a sensor array that can detect and quantifying different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on
their chemical composition.
• The e-nose works by measuring the electrical properties of the sensor array when exposed to a sample.
• Each sensor in the array is sensitive to specific VOCs, and together they can provide a comprehensive profile of the aroma
or odor of the sample. The e-nose can analyze a wide range of samples ,including food, beverages, cosmetics, and
environmental pollutants
• The e-nose has several applications in various fields, including food science, environmental monitoring, and medical
diagnosis. In food science
• e-noses can be used to analyze the aroma and flavor of food products
• detect food spoilage or contamination and monitor the quality of raw materials and finished products. In environmental
monitoring, e-noses can be used to detect pollutants and monitor air quality
• One of the advantages of the e-nose is that it can provide objective and reproducible data on aroma or odor characteristics
which can be difficult to achieve through subjective sensory evaluations.
• It is also a non-destructive and fast method, which can save time and resources in quality control and product development
.
List the step and explain e nose
instrumentation
• Sensor Array: The e-nose's sensor array is composed of several sensors that are sensitive to specific VOCs.
• Each sensor is designed to respond to a particular chemical or group of chemicals, and together they can
provide a comprehensive profile of the aroma or odor of a sample.‘
• Sample Delivery System: The sample delivery system is used to introduce the sample into the e-nose.
Depending on the type of sample, the delivery system can vary, but it typically involves exposing the sample to
the sensor array through an inlet port
• Signal Processing System: The e-nose's signal processing system is responsible for analyzing the electrical
signals generated by the sensor array in response to the sample. The system converts these signals into a profile
of the aroma or odor of the sample, which can be displayed on a‘ computer screen or other output device
• Data Analysis Software: The e-nose’s data analysis software is used to interpret the data generated by the
signal processing system and create a profile of the aroma or odor of the sample. This software can be
customized to suit the specific needs of a particular application or industry.
• Calibration Solutions: To ensure accurate and reliable results, e-noses require regular calibration using
standardized solutions with known aroma or odor characteristics. Calibration solutions can be used to verify the
performance of the instrument and ensure that it is operating within the desired range of accuracy and
precision
Write note on DNA organmi
• itis a technique used to create two- and three-dimensional structures by folding a long, single-stranded DNA molecule into a
desired shape using short, complementary strands of DNA as "staples".
• This technique was first introduced in 2006 by Paul W. K. Rothemund, and it has since revolutionized the field of
nanotechnology by providing a powerful method for creating nanoscale structures with high precision and complexity.
• 'The basic principle behind DNA origami is to use the natural base pairing properties of DNA to fold a long, single-stranded
DNA molecule into desired shape.
• Applications in nanotechnology including drug delivery, biosensing, and molecular computing.
It is used to create complex nanostructures such as ‘nanotubes, nanorobots, and nanocages, which have potential applications in
medicine, materials science, and electronics. DNA origami is a powerful technique that has the potential to revolutionize the
field of nanotechnology
creating precise and complex structures
low cost and effort.
• ability to program the interactions between different biological molecules in a precise and predictable manner.
• For example, researchers have used DNA origami to create a DNA nanorobot that can detect and destroy cancer cells by
delivering a specific drug in response to a cancer-specific biomarker.
• DNA origami has also been used to create molecular logic gates, which arc the basic building blocks of digital computing.
These logic gates can be used to perform complex computations using DNA molecules as the computational elements
EXPLAINARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS and BIOIMAGING

 Medical imaging: AI algorithms can analyse medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to identify abnormalities and assist radiologists in making
diagnoses. For example, AI algorithms can detect early-stage cancer in mammograms with high accuracy, reducing the need for biopsies.
 Genetic data analysis: AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of genetic data to identify patterns and mutations that may be linked to disease. For example, AI
can help identify genetic mutations associated with inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
 Clinical decision support: AI can provide decision support to clinicians by analyzing patient records and identifying patterns that may indicate a particular
disease or condition. This can help clinicians make a more accurate diagnosis and provide better treatment.
 Virtual assistants: AI-powered virtual assistants can help patients with self-diagnosis and management of chronic conditions by analyzing symptoms and
providing recommendations for treatment.
• There are many different types of bioimaging techniques available, including:
 Optical microscopy: This includes a variety of techniques that use visible light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation to visualize biological samples.
Examples include bright-field microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and confocal microscopy.
 Electron microscopy: This uses a beam of electrons to generate high-resolution images of biological samples, allowing for visualization of cellular structures
and organelles.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body, including the brain and other
organs.
 Clinical decision support: AI can provide decision support to clinicians by analyzing patient records and identifying patterns that may indicate a particular
disease or condition. This can help clinicians make a more accurate diagnosis and provide better treatment.
 Virtual assistants: AI-powered virtual assistants can help patients with self-diagnosis and management of chronic conditions by analyzing symptoms and
providing recommendations for treatment
Explain self healing bio concrete
• Self-healing bioconcrete is a type of concrete that can repair its own cracks and damage over time. This is
achieved by incorporating bacterial spores, such as those from the Bacillus genus, into the concrete mix,
along with nutrients like calcium lactate.
• When the concrete is damaged, the bacterial spores are activated by moisture and begin to grow,
consuming the calcium lactate and producing calcium carbonate as a byproduct. This process, known as
biomineralization, results in the formation of new material that can fill the cracks and restore the structural
integrity of the concrete. The use of self-healing bioconcrete has several potential advantages over
traditional concrete, including:
 Improved durability: By repairing itself, self-healing bioconcrete can last longer and be more resistant to
damage over time.
 Reduced maintenance: Because the concrete can repair itself, there may be less need for costly and time-
consuming maintenance.
 Sustainability: The use of bioconcrete can reduce the need for energy-intensive repair materials and
reduce waste
Write a note on biomining and bio
remidation
• The processes that utilize microbial surface adsorption to remove heavy metals from contaminated environments, including soil and
water.
• Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms to break down or remove pollutants from the environment. In the case of heavy
metals, certain bacteria and fungi can bind to heavy metal ions, effectively removing them from the environment. This process is
known as microbial surface adsorption, and it is often used in the treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater
• Biomining, on the other hand, is the process of using microorganisms to extract valuable minerals, such as gold and copper, from ores.
Like bioremediation, microbial surface adsorption is used to remove heavy metals from the ore, leaving behind the desired mineral
• Bioremediation can be used to clean up a wide range of environmental contaminants, including oil spills, chemical spills, pesticides,
heavy metals, and organic pollutants. It is commonly used in agricultural, industrial, and urban settings to restore contaminated soils,
groundwater, and surface water
• Phytoremediation: Plants can be used to remove contaminants from soil and water. For example, certain plants can absorb heavy
metals such as lead and cadmium from the soil, while others can break organic pollutants
• .Bioremediation of metals: Microorganisms can be used to remove heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and mercury, from
contaminated soils and water.
• Bioremediation of industrial chemicals: Bioremediation can be used to break down industrial chemicals, such as PCBs, dioxins, and
chlorinated solvents
How to remove the lead from
microbial surface absorption?
• Selection of suitable microbial strains suitable micro-organism to remove
lead from the surface
• . Preparation of biomass: The microbial biomass is harvested and
washed to remove any extracellular impurities or contaminants
• Contact with contaminated solution: The microbial biomass is then added to
the contaminated solution containing lead ions. The cells adsorb the lead ions
onto their cell surfaces, removing them from the solution.
• Separation of biomass: The biomass is then separated from the solution and
disposed of or processed for further metal recovery.
• Recovery of lead: The immobilized lead can be recovered by a variety of
methods, including chemical elution or thermal desorption
Write the mechanism to remove mercury,
arsenic ,cadmium by microbial absorption
Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have a high affinity for arsenic ions.
In this method, the bacteria are cultured in a medium containing arsenic, which leads to the accumulation of arsenic on the
bacterial cell surfaces
After a certain contact time, the bacterial biomass is separated from the solution, and the immobilized arsenic is recovered by
thermal desorption or chemical elution
• Pseudomonas putida, which has been found to adsorb up 95% of cadmium from contaminated water.
• Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and rhodochrous have also been shown to have cadmium-adsorbing capabilities.
• The mechanism by which these bacteria adsorb cadmium is due to the interaction of the cadmium ions with the cell surface
functional groups ,such as amino, carboxyl, and phosphate groups.
• The adsorption process can be influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and the initial concentration of cadmium in the
water..
• Microbial surface adsorption is a process where microorganisms are used to remove contaminants from water by adsorbing
them onto their surfaces.
• Baillus cereus adsorb up99% of mercury from contaminated water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhizobium leguminosarum and
Shewanellaputre
• The mechanism by which these bacteria adsorb mercury is due to the interaction of the mercury ions with the cell surface
functional groups, such as amino, carboxyl, and thiol groups. The adsorption process can be influenced by factors such as pH,
temperature, and the initial concentration of mercury in the water.
Write note on meals causes health issue
associated with exposure to these heavy metals.
• Lead: Exposure to lead can cause developmental and behavioral issues in children,
such as decreased IQ, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and learning
disabilities. In adults, lead exposure can cause high blood pressure, kidney damage,
and reproductive problems.
• Mercury: Exposure to mercury can cause neurological and developmental issues,
particularly in fetuses and young children. Symptoms of mercury poisoning include
tremors, memory loss, and mood swings.
• Arsenic: Long-term exposure to arsenic can increase the risk of certain types of
cancer, including skin, bladder, and lung cancer. It can also cause skin lesions,
cardiovascular discase, and diabetes.
• Cadmium: Exposure to cadmium can cause lung damage, kidney damage, and
osteoporosis. I is also a known carcinogen and can increase the risk of lung and
prostate cancer.