Scribd
Upload
26 views24 pages

Polymerisation

Uploaded by

aadi06game
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views24 pages

Polymerisation

Uploaded by

aadi06game
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

CONDENSATION

POLYMERISATION

Understanding Polyesters, Polyamides, and Their


Applications
POLYMERISATION

• What is Polymerisation?
• Polymerisation is a chemical process where small molecules
(monomers) chemically bond together to form large molecules
(polymers).
TYPES

• Two types of Polymerisation:(Addition and Condensation)


• Addition : Monomers with unsaturated bonds (e.g., double bonds)
undergo polymerisation without the loss of any atoms or molecules.
• E.g:

• Condensation : Monomers with two or more functional groups (e.g., -


OH, -COOH) combine, with the elimination of a small molecule (often
water or hydrogen chloride).
• E.g: Formation of polyesters and etc.
COMPARISON
POLYESTERS OVERVIEW

• What are Polyesters?


• Polyesters are polymers formed by the condensation reaction of
monomers containing hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) or acyl
chloride (-COCl) groups.
• They contain ester linkages (-COO-) in their backbone.
FORMATION OF POLYESTERS

• Polyesters can be found in two ways:


1.Reaction of Diol with Dicarboxylic Acid/ Dioyl Chloride
2.Reaction of Hydroxycarboxylic Acid
• Reaction of Diol with Dicarboxylic Acid

H2O is released

• Reaction of Diol with Dioyl Chloride


• 1,2-diol + Benzene-1,4-dioyl chloride → Polyester
• Product Hcl
FORMATION OF POLYESTERS

• Hydroxycarboxylic acid contains both hydroxyl (-OH) and


carboxyl (-COOH) groups within the same molecule.
• Reaction of Hydroxycarboxylic Acid:(Lactic Acid → Polylactic
Acid (PLA)) And:
APPLICATIONS

• Polyesters are versatile materials widely used due to their


strength, durability, and resistance to shrinking and stretching.
• Used in:
• Textiles
• Packaging(Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET))
• Industrial Uses
• Biodegradable Plastics(Polylactic Acid (PLA))
POLYAMIDES

• Polyamides are polymers formed by condensation reactions


that result in amide linkages (-CONH-) in the polymer
backbone.

• Diamine: Contains two amino groups (-NH₂).


• E.g : Nylon
FORMATION OF POLYAMIDES

• Reaction Between Diamine and Dicarboxylic Acid/Dioyl


Chloride:
• E.g : 1.Hexane-1,6-diamine + Hexanedioic acid → Nylon-6,6 +
Water. 2.Hexane-1,6-diamine + Benzene-1,4-dioyl chloride →
Polyamide + HCl.
• By-product: Water (or HCl if dioyl chloride is used).
FORMATION OF POLYAMIDES

• Reaction of Aminocarboxylic Acids


• Monomers containing both amino (-NH₂) and carboxylic acid (-
COOH) groups can polymerise.
• E.g : 6-Aminohexanoic acid → Nylon-6 + Water.
REACTION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS

• The carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid reacts with the
amino group (-NH₂) of another
• This forms an amide linkage (-CONH-), commonly referred to
as a peptide bond in biochemistry.
• A molecule of water is eliminated during each reaction.
• The process repeats to form a long chain of amino acids,
resulting in a polypeptide.
REACTION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS

• Example Reaction:
• Two glycine molecules react:
• NH₂-CH₂-COOH + NH₂-CH₂-COOH → NH₂-CH₂-CONH-CH₂-COOH
+ H₂O.
• The resulting product is a dipeptide with a peptide bond (-CONH-)
• Polypeptides are formed when many amino acids polymerise.
DEDUCE THE REPEAT UNIT OF A
CONDENSATION POLYMER

1.Analyze the polymer structure: Break down the polymer's


structure to identify its monomeric units.

2.identify the repeating unit by observing the functional groups


involved in the condensation process and eliminating the small
molecule (e.g., water or HCl) released during polymerisation.
IDENTIFY THE MONOMER(S) IN A
POLYMER SECTION

• Break the polymer chain into its repeating units


• Reconstruct the original monomers by reintroducing the
functional groups lost during polymerisation.
PREDICTING THE TYPE OF
POLYMERISATION

• Predict the Polymerisation Reaction for a Given Monomer or


Pair of Monomers
• Addition polymerisation occurs if the monomers contain double
bonds (e.g., ethene → polyethene).
• Condensation polymerisation occurs if monomers contain two
functional groups (e.g., diol and dicarboxylic acid → polyester).
PREDICTING THE TYPE OF
POLYMERISATION

• Deduce the Polymerisation Reaction for a Given Polymer


Section
• Identify functional groups and structural changes in the polymer
chain to determine whether it was formed by addition (no loss of
small molecules) or condensation (loss of small molecules like
water).
DEGRADABLE POLYMERS

• Degradability depends on the chemical structure of the


polymer:
• Poly(alkenes) are Chemically Inert
• Light-Degradable Polymers
• Biodegradation of Polyesters and Polyamides
POLY(ALKENES) ARE CHEMICALLY
INERT

• Poly(alkenes) are polymers derived from alkenes, such as


polyethene (polyethylene) and polypropene
(polypropylene).
• Their inertness arises from the strong C–C and C–H bonds in
their structure, making them resistant to:
• Chemical attack by acids, bases, or oxidizing agents
• Consequently, poly(alkenes) accumulate in the
environment, leading to waste management and pollution
challenges
LIGHT-DEGRADABLE POLYMERS

• Certain polymers are susceptible to photodegradation,


where exposure to UV light from the sun breaks down the
polymer chains.
• The mechanism involves:
• Absorption of UV light, leading to bond breakage.
• Formation of free radicals, which further fragment the polymer.
• Examples:
• Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polystyrene degrading under
prolonged UV exposure
• Incorporation of photo-sensitizing agents in some plastics to
enhance degradability
BIODEGRADATION OF POLYEST ERS AND
POLYAMIDES

• Polyesters and polyamides (e.g., nylon) are condensation


polymers formed via ester or amide linkage
• These linkages are susceptible to hydrolysis:
• Acid hydrolysis: Breaks the polymer into its monomers by cleaving
the ester or amide bonds with water in the presence of acids.
• Example:
BI O D E G RA DAT I O N O F PO LY E S T E R S A ND
PO LYA MI D E S

• Alkaline hydrolysis: Cleaves the bonds with water and bases to


produce salts of carboxylic acids.
• Example:

• Biodegradability:
• These polymers are bio-friendly, as natural environmental
conditions (e.g., microbial enzymes, acidic soils) can aid their
breakdown.
APPLICATION OF DEGRADABLE
POLYMERS

• Light-Degradable Polymers:
• Photodegradable plastics are used in environments with high UV
exposure, such as agricultural films.
• Biodegradation of Polyesters and Polyamides:
• Used in biodegradable plastics and fibers (e.g., poly(lactic acid),
polycaprolactone).

You might also like