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Lecture 8.Map

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24 views32 pages

Lecture 8.Map

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paschalayo45
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TR111: Engineering

Surveying I
Nicholas B.R Charles
TGE,UDSM-2018

Map
MAP
A map is a geographic representation of
a portion of the earth’s surface drawn to
scale, as seen from above.
 A topographic map is a detailed and
accurate two-dimensional
representation of natural and human-
made features on the Earth's surface.
 It’s uses colors, symbols and labels to
represent features found on the ground.
Map
 The most distinctive characteristic of
a topographic map is that the three-
dimensional shape of the Earth's
surface is modeled by the use of
contour lines.
 Contours are imaginary lines that
connect locations of similar
elevation.
 Contours make it possible to
represent the height of mountains
and steepness of slopes on a two-
dimensional map surface.
 Topographic maps also use a variety
of symbols to describe both natural
and human made features such as
roads, buildings, quarries, lakes,
streams, and vegetation.
What makes a map
 Features(Symbols)
 Legend
 Coordinate system/Grid
 Orientation/North Direction
 Scale
How do we read maps?
 Maps are selective views of reality
 Size of the map relative to reality
(scale)
 What’s on the map (symbolization)
 Shape of the map (projection)
Map scale
 Ratio of the distance on the map to
the distance on the ground
 Scale is a fraction
 Larger area covered means larger
denominator
 Larger denominator means smaller
fraction
 So a large-scale map covers a small
area
Map symbolization
 The symbols used to represent
features
 Symbols are a code instead of text
 Three types: point, line,
area/polygon
 Consider shape, size, orientation,
pattern, color, value
Map symbolization
 Points are used to depict features
like bridges and buildings.
 Lines are used to graphically
illustrate features that are linear.
 Some common linear features
include roads, railways, and rivers.
 Polygon represents area, such as
forested land or cleared land etc
PURPOSE OF A MAP
 LARGE SCALE:
 1:10; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:500;
1:1,000
 MEDIUM/INTERMEDIATE SCALE:
 1: 2,000; 1: 5,000; 1: 10,000
 SMALL:
 1: 20,000, 1: 50,0001: 100,000; 1:
500,000 1: 1,000,000
Uses of maps/plans
 Large scale: detail, profiles, municipal
design plans, site engineering
 Intermediate: Engineering studies and
planning (drainage areas, route
planning etc)
 Small scale: Topographical and
geological purposes, atlases and
special purpose maps
How to determine scale
 A4 21x29cm
 North-south East-west
 29cm=395m 21 cm = 340 m
 29cm=395mx…cm/m
21cm=340mx...cm/m
Paper sizes
Paper sizes
Size millimeters inches
Letter (US) 215.9 x 279.4 8.5 x 11

A0 841 x 1189 33.125 x 46.75


A1 594 x 841 23.375 x 33.125
A2 420 x 594 16.5 x 23.375
A3 297 x 420 11.75 x 16.5
A4 210 x 297 8.25 x11.75
COLORS OF THE MAP
BLACK: Man-made Features, Such As
Buildings And Roads.
RED-BROWN: Relief Features And Elevation
(Contour Lines On Red-light Readable Maps).
BROWN: Relief Features & Elevation
(Contour Lines On Older Maps).
GREEN: Vegetation (Woods, Orchards, Vegitation).

BLUE: Drainage (Water).

RED: Populated Areas, Main Roads And Boundaries


On Older Maps.
TERRAIN FEATURES
 Five Major
Hidden Valley Ranch Salad Dressing
Hilltop, Valley, Ridge, Saddle, Depression
 Three Minor

Draw, Spur, Cliff


 Two Supplementary

Cut, Fill
HILL: AN AREA OF HIGH GROUND. FROM A HILLTOP,
THE GROUND SLOPE DOWN IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
VALLEY: A STRETCHED-OUT GROOVE IN THE LAND,
USUALLY FORMED BY STREAMS OR RIVERS.
RIDGE: A SLOPING LINE OF HIGH GROUND.
SADDLE: A DIP OR LOW POINT BETWEEN
TWO AREAS OF HIGHER GROUND.
DEPRESSION: A LOW PO INT IN THE GROUND OR SINKHOLE.
THEY ARE REPRESENTED BY CLOSE CONTOUR LINES THAT
HAVE TICK MARKS POINTING TOWARD LOW GROUND.
DRAW: A LESS DEVELOPED STEAM COURSE THAN A VALLEY.
THERE IS ESSENTIALLY NO LEVEL GROUND AND, THEREFORE,
LITTLE OR NO MANEUVER ROOM WITHIN ITS CONFINES.
SPUR: A SHORT, CONTINUOUS SLOPING LINE OF HIGHER
GROUND, NORMALLY JUTTING OUT FROM THE SIDE OF A
RIDGE.
CLIFF: A VERTICAL OR NEAR VERTICAL FEATURE; IT IS AN ABRUPT
CHANGE OF THE LAND. THE SLOPE IS SO STEEP THAT THE
CONTOUR LINES CONVERGE INTO ONE CONTOUR LINE OR THE LAST
CONTOUR LINE HAS TICK MARKS POINTING TO LOW GROUND.
CUT: A MAN-MADE FEATURE RESULTIING FROM CUTTING
THROUGH RAISED GROUND, USUALLY TO FROM A LEVEL BED
FOR A ROAD OR RAILROAD TRACK.

FILL: A MAN-MADE FEATURE RESULTING FROM FILLING A LOW


AREA, USUALLY TO FORM A LEVEL BED FOR A ROAD OR RAIL-
ROAD TRACK.
CONTOUR LINES
ELEVATION IN METERS
Three types of contour lines
Intermediate: Are contour lines located between two index lines.

Supplementary: Are contour lines placed to specify half of


the contour interval.

Index: Are majorEXAMPLE:


elevation points and have the
CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 meters
elevation
100mnumber written
120m 130m withing the contour.
and 140m
(ex.100m,200m,300m)
SUPPLEMENTARY CONTOURS 10meters
200
Types of Maps

Map Legends
 Topographic maps and
most other maps include
both human-made and
natural features that are
located on Earth’s surface.

 These features are


represented by different
symbols.
 A map legend explains
what the symbols
represent.
VGT 7
Grid Coordinate
A grid square’s coordinates are found
by combining the values of the
vertical and horizontal grid lines that
intersect at the lower left hand
corner of the grid.
 Always, read right, then up
 A 4-digit grid coordinate locates a
point to within 1000 square meters.

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