21CB101 PROBLEM

SOLVING AND C
PROGRAMMING
UNIT-1
 PROBLEM SOLVING AND C
FUNDAMENTALS
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
printf(“Welcome to 21CB101!\n”);
}
 History of C
1960: ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
1967: BCPL (Basic Combined Programming
Language)
1970: B programming language (typeless)
1972: C: BCPL plus B with types
1978: Kernighan + Ritchie standard for C
1989: ANSI standard for C
 C Program Structure
Preprocessor Directives
• Program defined by:
– global declarations
Global Declarations
– function definitions
Function Definitions • May contain preprocessor
int main () {
directives
Local Declarations
• Always has one function
Statements named main, may contain
}
others
 Parts of a Program

#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor Directive

int x; Global Declaration

int main () {
int y; Local Declaration
Function printf("Enter x and y: ");
scanf(&x,&y); Statements
printf("Sum is %d\n",x+y);
}
 Preprocessor Directives
• Begin with #
• Instruct compiler to perform some
transformation to file before compiling
• Example: #include <stdio.h>
– add the header file stdio.h to this file
– .h for header file
– stdio.h defines useful input/output functions
 Declarations
• Global
– visible throughout program
– describes data used throughout program
• Local
– visible within function
– describes data used only in function
 Functions
• Consists of header and body
– header: int main ()
– body: contained between { and }
• starts with location declarations
• followed by series of statements
• More than one function may be defined
• Functions are called (invoked) - more later
 Main Function
• Every program has one function main
• Header for main: int main ()
• Program is the sequence of statements
between the { } following main
• Statements are executed one at a time from
the one immediately following to main to
the one before the }
 Comments
• Text between /* and */
• Used to “document” the code for the human
reader
• Ignored by compiler (not part of program)
• Have to be careful
– comments may cover multiple lines
– ends as soon as */ encountered (so no internal
comments - /* An /* internal */ comment */)
 Comment Example
#include <stdio.h>

/* This comment covers

* multiple lines
* in the program.
*/

int main () /* The main header */ {

/* No local declarations */

printf(“Too many comments\n”);

} /* end of main */
 Syntax of C
• Rules that define C language
– Specify which tokens are valid
– Also indicate the expected order of tokens
• Some types of tokens:
– reserved words: include printf int ...
– identifiers: x y ...
– literal constants: 5 ‘a’ 5.0 ...
– punctuation: { } ; < > # /* */
 Identifier
• Names used for objects in C
• Rules for identifiers in C:
– first char alphabetic [a-z,A-Z] or underscore (_)
– has only alphabetic, digit, underscore chars
– first 31 characters are significant
– cannot duplicate a reserved word
– case (upper/lower) matters
 Valid/Invalid Identifiers
Valid Invalid
sum 7of9
c4_5 x-name
A_NUMBER name with spaces
longnamewithmanychars 1234a
TRUE int
_split_name AXYZ&
 Program Execution
• Global declarations set up
• Function main executed
– local declarations set up
– each statement in statement section executed
• executed in order (first to last)
• changes made by one statement affect later
statements
 Variables
• Named memory location
• Variables declared in global or local
declaration sections
• Syntax: Type Name;
• Examples:
int sum;
float avg;
char dummy;
 Variable Type
• Indicates how much memory to set aside for
the variable
• Also determines how that space will be
interpreted
• Basic types: char, int, float
– specify amount of space (bytes) to set aside
– what can be stored in that space
– what operations can be performed on those vars
 Literal Constants
• Sequences of characters (tokens) that
correspond to values from that type
-35 is the integer -35
3.14159 is the floating pointer number 3.14159
‘A’ is the character A
• Can be used to initialize variables
 Integer Type
• Type name:
– int
– short int
– long int
• Possible values: whole numbers (within
given ranges) as in 5, -35, 401
• Operations: arithmetic (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, …), and others
 Character Type
• Type name: char
• Possible values: keys that can be typed at the
keyboard
• Representation: each character assigned a
value (ASCII values), 8 bits
– A - binary number 65
– a - binary number 97
– b - binary number 98
– 2 - binary number 50
 Constants
• Literal constants - tokens representing
values from type
• Defined constants
– syntax: #define Name Value
– preprocessor command, Name replaced by
Value in program
– example: #define MAX_NUMBER 100
 Constants (cont)
• Memory constants
– declared similar to variables, type and name
– const added before declaration
– Example: const float PI = 3.14159;
– Can be used as a variable, but one that cannot
be changed
– Since the value cannot be changed, it must be
initialized
 Formatted Input/Output
• Input comes from files
• Output sent to files
• Other objects treated like files:
– keyboard - standard input file (stdin)
– monitor - standard output file (stdout)
• Generally send/retrieve characters to/from
files
 Formatted Output
• Command: printf - print formatted
• Syntax: printf(Format String, Data List);
– Format string any legal string
– Characters sent (in order) to screen
• Ex.: printf(“Welcome to\nCS 1621!\n”);
causes
Welcome to
CS 1621!
to appear on monitor
 Formatted Output (cont)
• Successive printf commands cause output to
be added to previous output
• Ex.
printf(“Hi, how “);
printf(“is it going\nin 1621?”);
prints
Hi, how is it going
in 1621?
To the monitor
 Formatted Input
• Command: scanf - scan formatted
• Syntax: scanf(Format String, Address List);
– Format string a string with one or more field
specifications
– Characters read from keyboard, stored in
variables
• scanf(“%c %d %f”,&cVar,&dVar,&fVar);
attempts to read first a single character, then a
whole number, then a floating point number
from the keyboard
 Formatted Input (cont)
• Generally only have field specifications and
spaces in string
– any other character must be matched exactly (user
must type that char or chars)
– space characters indicate white-space is ignored
– “white-space” - spaces, tabs, newlines
– %d and %f generally ignore leading white space
anyway (looking for numbers)
– %d and %f read until next non-number char
reached
 Formatted Input (cont)
• More notes
– can use width in field specifications to indicate
max number of characters to read for number
– computer will not read input until return typed
– if not enough input on this line, next line read,
(and line after, etc.)
– inappropriate chars result in run-time errors (x
when number expected)
– if end-of-file occurs while variable being read, an
error occurs
 Operators in C
C programming has wide range of operators to perform
various operations. For better understanding of operators,
these operators can be classified as:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Special Operators
 Arithmetic Operator
• Operator Meaning of Operator
• + addition or unary plus
• - subtraction or unary minus
• * multiplication
• / division
• % remainder after
division( modulo division)
 Increment and Decrement
Operators
1. C programming has two operators increment ++ and
decrement -- to change the value of an operand (constant
or variable) by 1.
2. Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas
decrement -- decreases the value by 1.
3. These two operators are unary operators, meaning they
only operate on a single operand.
eg. int a=10, b=100
++a = 11
--b = 99
 C Assignment Operators
• An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a
variable. The most common assignment operator is =
• Operator Example Same as
• = a=b a=b
• += a += b a = a+b
• -= a -= b a = a-b
• *= a *= b a = a*b
• /= a /= b a = a/b
• %= a %= b a = a%b
 C Relational Operators
• A relational operator checks the relationship between two
operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false,
it returns value 0.
• Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.
Operator Meaning of Operator Example
• == Equal to 5 == 3 returns 0
• > Greater than 5 > 3 returns 1
• < Less than 5 < 3 returns 0
• != Not equal to 5 != 3 returns 1
• >= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 returns 1
• <= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 return 0