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10 views14 pages

Sanjid Demo Class

Uploaded by

Sanjid Elahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Control System

Reference Books:
Modern Control. Engineering, 5th edition by Katsuhiko Ogata
Control Systems Engineering 6th edition by Norman S. Nise
Feedback Control System Analysis and Synthesis. by John
Joachim D'Azzo
Modern control systems 12th edition by Richard C. Dorf,
Robert H. Bishop
Control System Engineering by Eugene Xavier

1
Control System Definition
A control system consists of subsystems and
processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of
obtaining a desired performance, given a specified
input.

Figure 1 shows a control system in its simplest form,


where input represents a desired response.

FIGURE 1.1 Simplified description of a control system

2
An Example
Consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is
pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor
with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger
comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an input that
represents our desired output, shown as a step function in Figure
1.2

Two major measures of


performance are apparent:
(1) the transient response and
(2) the steady-state error.

FIGURE 1.2 Elevator response


3
Contd.
Transient response: For example, a slow transient response
makes the passenger impatient, whereas an excessive rapid
response makes them uncomfortable.
Steady-state response: This response is usually what remains
after the transient response has decayed to zero. For example, a
read/write head not positioned over the command track results
in computer error.

FIGURE 1.3 Computer hard disk drive,


showing disks and read/write head

4
Analysis and Design
 Analysis: process by which a system’s performance is
determined. For example, we evaluate the transient response
and steady-state response to determine if the system meets the
desired performance.
 Design: process by which a system’s performance is changed.
For example if a system’s transient and steady-state response
are found not to meet the specifications, then we change the
parameters to meet the specifications.

In control system, we establish quantitative definitions for transient


response. We then analyze the system for its existing transient
response. Finally, we adjust parameters or design components to
yield a desired transient response—our first analysis and design
objective. 5
Control System Configurations

6
Open Loop System
A Open loop control system is one in which the control action is
independent of output or in which the output has no effect upon
the input signal.
Important features of Open loop control systems
1. Their ability to perform accurately is determined by their
calibration.
2. They are not generally troubled with problems of instability.

FIGURE 1.4 Block diagrams of open-loop system control systems.


7
Close Loop System
A Closed loop control system is one in which the control action
is somehow dependent on the output.
Some Important features of feedback are:
1. Reduce the effects of non- 4. Reduced Sensitivity
linearities and distortion. 5. Reduce tendency towards
2. Increased accuracy. oscillation or instability.
3. Increased bandwidth.

FIGURE 1.5 Block diagrams of close-loop system control systems 8


Some Real Life Examples
1. Open-loop Control System example
A man walking on a road with his eyes closed.

Controller Process

What would happen of the eyes are opened?

9
Some Real Life Examples (Contd.)
2. Close-loop Control System example
A man walking on a road with his eyes open.

Controller Process

Feedback element
Some more real life closed loop system examples
• Human being reaching for an object.
• Speed Control of DC motor. 10
Case Study: Position Control System

(a)

Figure 1.6 Antenna azimuth position


control system
(a) Detailed layout (b) schematic

(b)

11
Case Study: PCS(Contd.)
 The purpose of this system is to have the azimuth angle output of the
antenna to follow the input angle .
 The input angular displacement is converted to voltage by potentiometer
(Input transducer).
 Similarly, the output angular displacement is converted to voltage by
another potentiometer (Output transducer or sensor).
 The signal and power amplifier (controller) boost the actuating signal.
 The amplified actuating signal drives the motor, load, and gears (plant).

Figure 1.7 Antenna azimuth


position control system (c)
Functional block diagram

12
Case Study: PCS(Contd.)
The system normally operates to drive the error to zero. When
the input and output match, the error will be zero, and the
motor will not turn.
The greater the error (the different between input and output),
the larger the motor input voltage, and the faster the motor will
turn.

Figure 1.8 Response of a position


control system, showing effect of
high and low controller gain on the
output response

13
Thank You

14

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