23EST 114

Basics of Electronics
Engineering

Prof. Ajitha S. S.
Dept. of ECE
TKMCE
 Electronic Components
-Components are the basic building blocks of an electronic circuit.

Name some electronic components???

 Classification of Components

Passive Components Active Components

 Devices or components  Devices or components

which do not require external which require external

source for their operation. source for their operation
 Cannot increase the power of  Can increase the power of
the signal applied to them. the signal applied to them.
 They are linear elements  They are nonlinear
which control or modify the
elements
output of electronic circuits
without playing an active role
in its performance. Eg: Vacuum tubes, Diode,
transistor, FET, MOSFET
Eg: Resistor, capacitor, inductor,
transformer
Resistors
 A passive component with a known value of
resistance

 Resistance of any material is related to its

dimensions and the resistivity of the
material
R=
Specifications of Resistors
1.Resistance Value
Value of resistance expressed in ohms.
2.Power Rating
Maximum power that can be handled by the
resistor safely, without damaging it, unit is
watts(W).
3.Tolerance
It is the permitted deviation of resistance value
from the standard value. It is usually expressed in
percentage.
 Specifications of Resistors
contd…
4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Maximum variation from the rated value (ohms) with
change in temperature
 If resistance increases with increase in temperature-  Constantan
Positive temperature coefficient of resistance -60%Cu
Eg: Cu, Al, Tungsten -40%Ni
 If resistance increases with decrease in temperature-  Manganin
Negative temperature coefficient of resistance
-84%Cu
Eg: Semiconductors
 -12%Mn
Alloys like Constantan, Manganin, etc. shows zero temperature coefficient
of resistance. -4%Ni

5. Voltage Rating
Maximum voltage that can be applied across a resistor without causing
damage to it (V).
Classification of Resistors
 Resistors contd…
Colour coding

Temperature coefficient:
5ppm/K Meaning that the change
in value due to a temperature
change of 1K will not be more than
5Ω for every 1MΩ of the resistor's
value (or 0.005Ω for every 1KΩ of
its value).
 Resistors contd…
Colour coding

Eg 1: Red, violet, brown, gold Eg 2: Green, blue, orange, no colour

2 7 101 5% 5 6 103 20%
R = 56 x103 ± 20%
R = 27 x101 ± 5% = 56000 ± 11200
= 270 ± 13.5 = from 67200 Ω to 44800Ω
= from 283.5 Ω to 256.5Ω ie., 67.2kΩ to 44.8 kΩ.

Eg 3: Grey, Red, Black, Brown, Violet

8 2 0 10 ±0.1%
 Resistors contd…
B.S 1825 Coding
- Letters R, k and M denote the value of the resistor in ohms,
kilo ohms and mega ohms.

Eg: Letter Tolerance

Types of values written F ±1%
47R G ±2%
J ±5%
5R6 K ±10%
6k8 M ±20%
1M2
 Preferred values of
resistors
Tolerance Standard values
20% 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
10% 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7,
5.6, 6.8, 8.2
5% 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8,
2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6,
3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8,
7.5, 8.2, 9.1
 1.Fixed Resistors

 Resistors, whose ohmic values remain fixed at a constant value,

are known as fixed resistors.

 Made of metals, highly conducting oxides and composite

materials.

 Commonly used fixed resistors are

 Carbon composition resistor
 Wire-wound resistor
 Film resistors
 Carbon film resistor or cracked carbon or pyrolytic resistors.
 Metal film resistor
Carbon Composition Resistor
Carbon Composition Resistor

 Made by mixing granules of carbon with a binding

material(silica and synthetic resin) to a doughy
paste.
 The carbon content determines the ohmic range and

wattage
Carbon Composition Resistor
contd….
 The dough of requisite composition is extruded out
in various thickness as per ratings.
Carbon Composition Resistor
contd….
 The extruder output is then cut to the required
length to make sticks
 Grooves are cut into both ends of each stick.
 The sticks are now dried hard and baked over

1000oC in oven filled with nitrogen

 The charge is then cooled and given a protective

coating
Carbon Composition Resistor
contd….

 Copper leads are then pushed into the grooves by

silver solution and the product is given another heat
treatment
 They are then painted and colour coded.
 Carbon Composition Resistor
contd….

Applications:

Carbon composition resistors are

used for all general purpose
circuits including entertainment
(Radio, T.V).

Cost: Rs. 0.2 to 0.3 / piece

Increases with wattage rating

Finished product
 Carbon Composition Resistor
contd….
Advantages:
 Carbon-composition resistors are small in size compared with wire-

wound resistors.
 A very wide resistance range is available.

 These are the cheapest resistors.

 These have good RF performance.

Disadvantages:
 Carbon-composition resistors have no precision, and have very high

tolerance.
 These resistors get easily heated and crack down on soldering.

 The resistance values of these resistors vary with aging.

 They are not useful for applications involving power levels above 2

watts.
 Carbon Composition Resistor
Specifications
 Resistance range 2.7Ω to 22 M Ω
 Tolerance ±5% to ±20%
 Operating temperature -55oC to 150oC
 Power rating 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W, 1W, 2W
 Working voltage 150V to 750V
 Capacitance 0.25pF
 Inductance Nil
Wire wound Resistors

Coating vitreous enamel gives excellent

protection against moisture
 Wire wound Resistors
 Wire wound resistors are constructed from a long fine
wire (usually nickel-chromium wire) wound on a ceramic
core. Wire wound resistors are manufactured in two types
(i) power wire wound resistors
(ii) precision wire wound resistors.

Coating vitreous enamel gives excellent

protection against moisture
 Wire wound Resistors
contd…
 Power wire wound resistors are available in low (3, 5, 10
Watts), medium ( 10 to 60 W) and high power (60-1000
W) types.
 Precision wire wound resistors are wound on ceramic
tubes and sometimes epoxy moulded tubes are used. The
winding is done so as to minimize inductive and
capacitive effects at high frequencies (beyond 200 kHz).
 These precision wire wound resistors are available up to
5 W with ½ % and 1% tolerances, and are useful upto 5 to
10 MHz.
 Wire wound Resistors
contd…
Advantages:
 Wire wound resistors can be designed to produce very

accurate resistance values, with very low tolerance (±

0.01%).
 They can with stand large power dissipation.

 They can be used in high-temperature situations.

 They are capable of carrying extremely large currents.

 Wire-wound resistors can withstand mechanical shock and

vibration.
 They can be used in high-voltage circuits.

 Wire-wound resistors have very stable resistance values

which do not change much with aging.

 Wire wound Resistors
contd…
Disadvantages:
 Wire wound resistors are very large in size and weight.

 They are costly.

 Power type wire wound resistors are not suitable beyond

200 kHz because of inter-winding inductance and

capacitance.
 In many situations, wires may break, leading to the

breakdown of the circuit in which these resistors are used.

 Wire wound Resistors
contd…

Axial lead type Radial lead type

Applications:
 Ordinary type wire wound resistors are used in power

supplies, control circuits, as loads in Television receivers.

 Precision type wire wound resistors are used in bridges,

voltmeters and other instruments.

Materials used for WWR
 Nichrome -80%Ni
-20Cr

 Constantan-60%Cu
-40%Ni

 Manganin -84%Cu
-12%Mn
-4%Ni
 WWR Specifications
 Resistance range 0.1Ω to 106 Ω
 Temperature coefficient ±5ppm/oC
 Stability >0.05%
 Tolerance >0.5%
 Operating temperature 55oC to 375oC
 Working voltage <300V
WWR ratings &cost
Film Resistors

Cost: Rs. 0.4 to 0.5 / piece

 Film Resistors

Film resistor consists of a film of a resistive material, having a low temperature

coefficient of resistivity (Eg: carbon, tantalum, chromium and tin oxide), deposited
on a ceramic or glass substrate.
Depending on the thickness of the film we have thin film (< 5 μm) resistors and
thick-film (> 5 μm) resistors.
Groves are made on the carbon film to get the precise values
Metal caps attached to the ends of the substrate serve as leads to the resistor

Cost: Rs. 0.4 to 0.5 / piece

Film resistors : Specifications
Carbon film resistor Metal Flm Rsistor
 Ohmic value 0.2ohms/sq.cm to
 Resistance range 1Ω to 107 Ω
 Temperature coefficient -
10000ohms/sq.cm
 1/8W to 2W
1000ppm/oC
 Temperature coefficient
 Stability <3%
<±200ppm/oC
 Tolerance >2%
 Stability 2%
 Operating temperature -40oC
 Tolerance >1%
to 120oC  Operating temperature -40oC to
 Working voltage 500V
+150oC
 Working voltage 1000V

o For same value size of carbon o Gives better reliability and

film resistor is larger than stability.
carbon composition resistor. o Can handle overload for short
o Not able to withstand electrical time.
overloads o Used in electronic instruments.
 Film Resistors contd…
Advantages:
 Carbon film resistors are available in all resistor values, from very low
values (< 1Ω) to many MΩ.
 They are available in very miniature size.
 They may also be used as resistors in ICs.
 They can replace wire wound resistors in high-voltage applications.
 Carbon-film resistors have good high-frequency properties.
 They cost low.
 Film Resistors contd…
Disdvantages:
 Carbon film resistors cannot withstand high temperatures.
 They cannot withstand mechanical shocks.
 They are not resistant to atmospheric moisture and humidity.
 They are chemically reactive and hence unstable.

Applications:
 These resistors are used in good high frequency performance and
stability circuits such as computers, telephone circuits and high
fidelity amplifiers.
2.Variable Resistors
 2.Variable Resistors
 Variable resistors are resistors whose resistance value can
be varied.
 In certain electrical/ electronic circuits sometimes it is
necessary to change the values of currents and voltages.
Example:
1. Volume and tone control in a radio receiver.
2. Volume of sound and brightness control in TV.
3. Speed regulation of a fan.
 Variable Resistors

General purpose variable resistors are classified into

(a)Potentiometers
(b)Rheostats and
(c) Presets

(a)Potentiometers
Based on the material used for construction, potentiometers are
classified into two types,
1. Carbon potentiometers
2. Wire wound potentiometers
 1.Carbon potentiometer

 The smaller variable resistors commonly used in electronic

circuits are called potentiometers simply called as pots.
Carbon potentiometer contd…
 A mixture of carbon, resin and clay are
made on a plastic base and deposited on to
a bakelite substrate in the form of an
annular ring.
 A sliding contact of beryllium copper alloy
brings only a portion of the track into the
circuit, providing the desired resistance
variation
 The two ends are solder lugs forming the
end terminals
 The middle lug is connected to the variable
arm which in turn is connected to a metal
spring wiper.
 As the shaft is rotated , the variable arm
moves the wiper to make contact at
different points. Cost:
1W - Rs.10 / piece
2.Wire-wound Potentiometer
 Its resistance range from 100Ω to 10MΩ.
 Power rating limited upto 4W.
 A laminated and insulated flat substrate is used as former.
 Nichrome wire of required number of turns is wound on
the former
Wire-wound Potentiometer
contd..
 Then the former is bent into a
circular shape.
 The former is housed in a polymer
case with metallic mounting
attachments and a spindle which
slides a wiper contact along the
top or inner surface of the coil.
Single-turn

Cost:
3W - Rs.100 / piece
5W – Rs. 300/ piece

Multi-turn
Comparison of
Potentiometers
(b)Rheostats
Rheostats contd..
 High power variable resistors
 They are formed by winding suitable wire over a

ceramic former coated with enamel

 By moving the sliding contact we can vary the

resistance linearly
 The ends of the wire and the movable contacts are

connected to three lug type terminals

 Power rating from 10W to100w
 Resistance vary from 10Ω to 5kΩ
 Can withstand temperature upto 300oC
 (c) Presets
 Preset resistors allow adjustments to be
carried out on electronic circuits without
the need to make changes to fixed
resistors.

 These resistors are easily mountable on

Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s).
Sample questions
 Non linear resistors
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)

•Made of CdS,CdSe,PbS
•Uses
• On off light relay
• As a light meter to
measure intensity of light
 Non linear resistors contd…
Thermistors
 Equation of
operation
 PTC
• Resistance increases
with temperature
 NTC
• Resistance decreases with
temperature
 Non linear resistors contd…
Thermistors
 Thermistors are made from
semiconductor materials, typically
metallic oxides, using cobalt,
manganese, or nickel. Thermistors are
widely used as inrush current limiters,
temperature sensors (negative
temperature coefficient or NTC type
typically), self-resetting over-current
protectors, and self-regulating heating
elements (positive temperature
coefficient or PTC type typically).
 Non linear resistors contd…
Varistors (VDR)

A Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) is a protection component used in power

supply circuits that is powered directly from AC mains. It is used to protect
the circuit from high voltage spikes by varying its resistance.
Surface Mount Resistors (SMD)
Surface mount resistors use surface mount technology,
SMD to provide considerable advantages in terms of space
saving and automated manufacture of printed circuit
boards.
Surface Mount Resistors (SMD
Surface Mount Resistors (SMD
 Class assignment I
Batch: H1 28-11-2022

1. Differentiate between active and passive components. (3)

2. What are the specifications of resistors? Define each. (3)
3. Discuss the classification of resistors. (3)
4. Write note on the following resistors.
a) Carbon composition resistor (5)
b) Metal film resistor (3)
c) Potentiometer (5)
d) Presets (3)
Thank you!!