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3.6 -Path Vector Routing

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6 views16 pages

3.6 -Path Vector Routing

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SUDHAN R CSE
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Path Vector Routing

 It maintains path information that gets updated dynamically.


 Updates which have looped through network and returned to same
node are easily detected and discarded.
 This algorithm is sometimes used in Bellman–Ford routing
algorithms to avoid "Count to Infinity" problems.
 It is different from distance vector routing and link state
routing.
 Each entry in routing table contains destination network, next
router and path to reach the destination.
1 Example: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Border Gateway Protocol
 BGP4 is the only interdomain routing protocol used in Internet.
 BGP4 is based on the path-vector algorithm.
 BGP - Complex protocol.
 Figure 20.24 shows an example of an internet with four autonomous
systems.
AS2,AS3, and AS4 are stub autonomous systems;
AS1 is a transient (temporary)one.
 Example- data exchange between AS2, AS3, and AS4 should pass
through AS1.
 Each autonomous system uses one of two common intradomain
protocols, (RIP or
OSPF )
 Each router in each AS knows how to reach a network in its own AS,
2
but it does not
Figure 20.24: A sample internet with four ASs

20.3
To enable each router to route a packet to any network in internet
 First install a variation of BGP4, called external BGP (eBGP), on each
border
router (the one at the edge of each AS which is connected to a
router at another AS).
 Second , install second variation of BGP, called internal BGP (iBGP),
on all routers.
 Border routers will be running three routing protocols (intradomain,
eBGP, and
iBGP), but other routers are running two protocols (intradomain and
20.4
Figure 20.25: eBGP operation

5
Operation of External BGP (eBGP)

 The eBGP variation of BGP allows two physically connected border routers in two different ASs to
form pairs of eBGP
speakers and exchange messages.
 Routers in Figure 20.24 form three pairs: R1-R5, R2-R6, and R4-R9.
 The connection between these pairs is established over three physical WANs (N5,N6, and N7).
 There is a need for logical TCP connection to be created over physical connection to make the
exchange of information.
 Each logical connection in BGP - referred to as a session.
 Three sessions are shown in Figure 20.25. circled number defines the sending router in each
case.
Example –
 Message number 1 sent by router R1 and tells router R5 that N1, N2, N3,N4 can be reached
through router R1
(R1 gets this information from the corresponding intradomain forwarding table).
 Router
6
R5 can now add these pieces of information at the end of its forwarding table.
There are two problems that need to be addressed:
1. Some border routers do not know how to route a packet destined for non

neighbor ASs.
Example - R5 does not know how to route packets destined for networks in
AS3 and AS4.
Routers R6 and R9 are in the same situation as R5:
R6 does not know about networks in AS2 and AS4;
R9 does not know about networks in AS2 and AS3.

2. None of non-border routers know how to route a packet destined for any
networks in other
ASs.
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Combination of eBGP and iBGP sessions in the
internet

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Operation of Internal BGP (iBGP)

 iBGP protocol - similar to the eBGP protocol - uses the service of TCP, but it creates a
session between
any possible pair of routers inside an autonomous system.

 If an AS has only one router, there cannot be an iBGP session.

 Example, we cannot create an iBGP session inside AS2 or AS4 in internet.

 Second, if there are n routers in an autonomous system, there should be [n × (n − 1)


/ 2] iBGP sessions I
in that autonomous system (a fully connected mesh) to prevent loops in the system.

Each router needs to advertise its own reachability to the peer in the session

 figure
9 above shows the combination of eBGP and iBGP sessions in the internet.
Finalized BGP path tables (Part I)

10
Finalized BGP path tables (Part II)

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Finalized BGP path tables (Part III)

12
Forwarding tables after injection from BGP (Part I)

13
Forwarding tables after injection from BGP (Part II)

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Format of path attribute

15
Session Handler Details

16

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